2. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:394-424.
3. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin 2019;69:7-34.
4. International Agency for Research on Cancer WHO. Cancer today. IARC Web site
https://gco.iarc.fr/today/. Accessed January 21, 2019.
9. Perera PS, Thompson RL, Wiseman MJ. Recent evidence for colorectal cancer prevention through healthy food, nutrition, and physical activity: implications for recommendations. Curr Nutr Rep 2012;1:44-54.
14. Huxley RR, Ansary-Moghaddam A, Clifton P, Czernichow S, Parr CL, Woodward M. The impact of dietary and lifestyle risk factors on risk of colorectal cancer: a quantitative overview of the epidemiological evidence. Int J Cancer 2009;125:171-180.
17. Arnold M, Sierra MS, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global patterns and trends in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. Gut 2017;66:683-691.
18. Byeon JS, Yang SK, Kim TI, et al. Colorectal neoplasm in asymptomatic Asians: a prospective multinational multicenter colonoscopy survey. Gastrointest Endosc 2007;65:1015-1022.
21. Zhou H, Shen Z, Zhao J, Zhou Z, Xu Y. Distribution characteristics and risk factors of colorectal adenomas. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi 2018;21:678-684.
22. Senore C, Bellisario C, Segnan N. Distribution of colorectal polyps: implications for screening. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2017;31:481-488.
23. Cha JM, Kozarek RA, La Selva D, et al. Disparities in prevalence, location, and shape characteristics of colorectal neoplasia between South Korean and U.S. patients. Gastrointest Endosc 2015;82:1080-1086.
25. Iida Y, Kawai K, Tsuno NH, et al. Proximal shift of colorectal cancer along with aging. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2014;13:213-218.
27. Jeong SY, Shin KH, Shin JH, et al. Microsatellite instability and mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes in sporadic colorectal cancers. Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46:1069-1077.
28. Won YJ, Park KJ, Kwon HJ, et al. Germline mutations of the APC gene in Korean familial adenomatous polyposis patients. J Hum Genet 1999;44:103-108.
29. Hutter P, Rey-Berthod C, Chappuis PO, et al. Molecular and clinical characteristics in 32 families affected with familial adenomatous polyposis. Hum Mutat 2001;18:550.
30. Calistri D, Rengucci C, Seymour I, et al. Mutation analysis of p53, K-ras, and BRAF genes in colorectal cancer progression. J Cell Physiol 2005;204:484-488.
31. Oh HE, Cho SJ, Won NH, Lee D, Kim I, Yeom BW. K-ras gene mutations and expression of K-ras, p16, cyclin D1 and p53 in synchronous lesions of the colon adenoma-carcinoma sequences. Korean J Pathol 2001;35:291-298.
33. Lu Y, Kweon SS, Tanikawa C, et al. Large-scale genome-wide association study of East Asians identifies loci associated with risk for colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 2019;156:1455-1466.
37. Sung JJ, Lau JY, Young GP, et al. Asia Pacific consensus recommendations for colorectal cancer screening. Gut 2008;57:1166-1176.
39. Lee HP, Lee J, Shanmugaratnam K. Trends and ethnic variation in incidence and mortality from cancers of the colon and rectum in Singapore, 1968 to 1982. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1987;16:397-401.
41. Noone AM, Howlader N, Krapcho M, et al. SEER cancer statistics review (CSR) 1975-2015 National Cancer Institute Web site.
https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2015/. Updated September 10, 2018. Accessed February 11, 2019.
49. Bonithon-Kopp C, Benhamiche AM. Are there several colorectal cancers? Epidemiological data. Eur J Cancer Prev 1999;8 Suppl 1:S3-S12.
50. McCashland TM, Brand R, Lyden E, de Garmo P, CORI Research Project. Gender differences in colorectal polyps and tumors. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:882-886.
51. Newcomb PA, Zheng Y, Chia VM, et al. Estrogen plus progestin use, microsatellite instability, and the risk of colorectal cancer in women. Cancer Res 2007;67:7534-7539.
52. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321-333.
53. Nguyen SP, Bent S, Chen YH, Terdiman JP. Gender as a risk factor for advanced neoplasia and colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;7:676-681.
54. Sung JJ, Lau JY, Goh KL, Leung WK, Asia Pacific Working Group on Colorectal Cancer.. Increasing incidence of colorectal cancer in Asia: implications for screening. Lancet Oncol 2005;6:871-876.
56. Ng SC, Lau JY, Chan FK, et al. Increased risk of advanced neoplasms among asymptomatic siblings of patients with colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 2013;144:544-550.
57. Liu Y, Ding WB, Yan C, Bao H, Li K, Wang C. Risk factors of colorectal cancer and its clinical epidemiological study. Biomed Res 2017;28:9871-9874.
58. Kotake K, Koyama Y, Nasu J, Fukutomi T, Yamaguchi N. Relation of family history of cancer and environmental factors to the risk of colorectal cancer: a case-control study. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1995;25:195-202.
62. Song X, Gong X, Zhang T, Jiang W. Height and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer Prev 2018;27:521-529.
67. Yeoh KG, Ho KY, Chiu HM, et al. The Asia-Pacific Colorectal Screening score: a validated tool that stratifies risk for colorectal advanced neoplasia in asymptomatic Asian subjects. Gut 2011;60:1236-1241.
75. Akhter M, Kuriyama S, Nakaya N, et al. Alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk of distal colon and rectal cancer in Japanese men: the Miyagi Cohort Study. Eur J Cancer 2007;43:383-390.
76. Wong TS, Chay WY, Tan MH, Chow KY, Lim WY. Reproductive factors, obesity and risk of colorectal cancer in a cohort of Asian women. Cancer Epidemiol 2019;58:33-43.
77. Guo L, Li N, Wang G, et al. Body mass index and cancer incidence: a prospective cohort study in northern China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2014;35:231-236.
79. Shin CM, Han K, Lee DH, et al. Association among obesity, metabolic health, and the risk for colorectal cancer in the general population in Korea using the national health insurance service-national sample cohort. Dis Colon Rectum 2017;60:1192-1200.
82. Yee YK, Tan VP, Chan P, Hung IF, Pang R, Wong BC. Epidemiology of colorectal cancer in Asia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;24:1810-1816.
84. Chiu BC, Ji BT, Dai Q, et al. Dietary factors and risk of colon cancer in Shanghai, China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003;12:201-208.
86. Oba S, Shimizu N, Nagata C, et al. The relationship between the consumption of meat, fat, and coffee and the risk of colon cancer: a prospective study in Japan. Cancer Lett 2006;244:260-267.
88. Shin A, Li H, Shu XO, Yang G, Gao YT, Zheng W. Dietary intake of calcium, fiber and other micronutrients in relation to colorectal cancer risk: results from the Shanghai Women’s Health Study. Int J Cancer 2006;119:2938-2942.
89. Sato Y, Nakaya N, Kuriyama S, Nishino Y, Tsubono Y, Tsuji I. Meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer in Japan: the Miyagi Cohort Study. Eur J Cancer Prev 2006;15:211-218.
90. Otani T, Iwasaki M, Ishihara J, et al. Dietary fiber intake and subsequent risk of colorectal cancer: the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. Int J Cancer 2006;119:1475-1480.
94. Chan AO, Jim MH, Lam KF, et al. Prevalence of colorectal neoplasm among patients with newly diagnosed coronary artery disease. JAMA 2007;298:1412-1419.
96. Yu J, Feng Q, Wong SH, et al. Metagenomic analysis of faecal microbiome as a tool towards targeted non-invasive biomarkers for colorectal cancer. Gut 2017;66:70-78.
98. Nakatsu G, Zhou H, Wu WK, et al. Alterations in enteric virome are associated with colorectal cancer and survival outcomes. Gastroenterology 2018;155:529-541.
99. Kwong TN, Wang X, Nakatsu G, et al. Association between bacteremia from specific microbes and subsequent diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 2018;155:383-390.
100. Zumkeller N, Brenner H, Zwahlen M, Rothenbacher D. Helicobacter pylori infection and colorectal cancer risk: a metaanalysis. Helicobacter 2006;11:75-80.
101. Guo Y, Li HY. Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and colorectal neoplasm risk: a meta-analysis based on East Asian population. J Cancer Res Ther 2014;10 Suppl:263-266.
102. Sung JJ, Ng SC, Chan FK, et al. An updated Asia Pacific consensus recommendations on colorectal cancer screening. Gut 2015;64:121-132.
103. Lee BI, Hong SP, Kim SE, et al. Korean guidelines for colorectal cancer screening and polyp detection. J Korean Soc Radiol 2012;66:385-406.
106. Sung JJ, Chan FK, Leung WK, et al. Screening for colorectal cancer in Chinese: comparison of fecal occult blood test, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy. Gastroenterology 2003;124:608-614.
107. Choe JW, Chang HS, Yang SK, et al. Screening colonoscopy in asymptomatic average-risk Koreans: analysis in relation to age and sex. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;22:1003-1008.
108. Chiu HM, Wang HP, Lee YC, et al. A prospective study of the frequency and the topographical distribution of colon neoplasia in asymptomatic average-risk Chinese adults as determined by colonoscopic screening. Gastrointest Endosc 2005;61:547-553.
119. Li J, Chang J, Zhu Y, et al. Risk prediction of colorectal cancer with common genetic variants and conventional non-genetic factors in a Chinese Han population. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2015;36:1053-1057.
123. Wong MC. Colorectal cancer screening in Hong Kong: investment of more resources needed to strengthen screening services and inform governmental policy. Hong Kong Med J 2011;17:348-349.