Open Access, Peer-reviewed
eISSN 2951-3146
    Korean J Community Nutr. 2017 Oct;22(5):441-455. Korean.
    Published online Oct 31, 2017.
    https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.5.441
    Copyright © 2017 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition
    Original Article

    Relation between Beverage Consumption Pattern and Metabolic Syndrome among Healthy Korean Adults

    Eun Ju Dennis,1 Minji Kang,2 and Sung Nim Han1,3
      • 1Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
      • 2Center for Gendered Innovations in Science and Technology Researches, Korea Federation of Women's Science & Technology Associations, Seoul, Korea.
      • 3Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
    • Corresponding author: Sung Nim Han. Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea. Tel: (02) 880-6836, Fax: (02) 884-0305, Email: snhan@snu.ac.kr
    Received October 23, 2017; Revised October 29, 2017; Accepted October 29, 2017.

    This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

    Abstract

    Objectives

    The purpose of this study is to describe beverage patterns among healthy Korean adults and investigate their association with prevalence and components of metabolic syndrome.

    Methods

    Subjects consisted of 6,927 Korean adults, aged 19-64 years in the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2013-2015). Beverages were regrouped into twelve groups based on food codes and beverage intake (g/day) was assessed by 24-hour recall. Factor analysis was used to obtain beverage patterns. Waist circumference and body mass index (BMI) were used as anthropometric data; fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL), and blood pressure were used as biochemical indicators. The odds ratio (OR) for prevalence of metabolic syndrome and components of metabolic syndrome was assessed using logistic regression analysis.

    Results

    Three beverage patterns were identified using factor analysis: 1) carbonated soft drinks 2) coffee (without added sugar or powdered creamer), and 3) alcoholic beverages. Subjects with high scores for the carbonated soft drink and coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer patterns were younger and subjects with high scores for the alcoholic beverage pattern were older. There were significant differences in gender distribution in all three beverage patterns, with men more likely to have high scores for carbonated soft drink and alcoholic beverage patterns. On the other hand, women were more likely to have higher scores for coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer pattern. Within each pattern, there were significant differences in sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics such as education, household income, frequency of eating out, and smoking status according to the quartile of pattern scores. Alcoholic beverages and carbonated soft drinks patterns were associated with an increased levels of metabolic syndrome components, but coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer was not associated with any of metabolic syndrome components in healthy Korean adults after adjusting for age, sex, education, BMI, weight management, household income, smoking status, frequency of eating out, and energy intake.

    Conclusions

    Alcoholic beverages and carbonated soft drinks patterns are associated with increased levels of metabolic syndrome components while coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer pattern is not associated with any of metabolic syndrome components in healthy Korean adults.

    Keywords
    beverage pattern; metabolic syndrome; Korean adults

    Tables

    Table 1
    Beverage groups

    Table 2
    Factor loading matric for the three beverage patterns in Korean adults aged 19-64 years (n = 6,927)

    Table 3
    Sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics, and BMI of Korean adults according to the quartile (Q) categories of beverage pattern scores

    Table 4
    Macronutrient intakes of Korean adults according to the quartile (Q) categories of beverage pattern scores

    Table 5
    Vitamin and mineral intakes of Korean adults according to the quartile (Q) categories of beverage pattern scores

    Table 6
    Odd Ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for metabolic syndrome components across quartile (Q) categories of beverage pattern scores

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    MeSH Terms
    Adult*
    Alcoholic Beverages
    Beverages*
    Blood Glucose
    Blood Pressure
    Body Mass Index
    Carbon
    Carbonated Beverages
    Coffee
    Eating
    Education
    Energy Intake
    Family Characteristics
    Fasting
    Female
    Hand
    Humans
    Korea
    Life Style
    Lipoproteins
    Logistic Models
    Male
    Nutrition Surveys
    Odds Ratio
    Prevalence
    Smoke
    Smoking
    Triglycerides
    Waist Circumference
    Metrics
    Share
    Tables
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