ISSN: 1449-1907International Journal of Medical Sciences
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Int J Med Sci 2014; 11(7):721-725. doi:10.7150/ijms.8718 This issue Cite
Research Paper
Risk Factors for Long-term Outcome of Drug-eluting Stenting in Adults with Early-onset Coronary Artery Disease
Guipeng An1,2, Zhongqi Du1,2, Xiao Meng1,2, Tao Guo1,2, Guishuang Li1,2, Yuguo Chen1,2, Jifu Li1,2, Fengshuang An1,2, Yun Zhang1,2, Wenjing Li3 
, Cheng Zhang1,2
1. The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China;
2. Department of cardiology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China;
3. Fine Arts School of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
Abstract
Objective We lack data on the long-term outcome of drug-eluting stenting in patients with early-onset coronary artery disease (CAD). Here, we investigated the association of traditional risk factors and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) after drug-eluting stenting in patients with CAD who were < 50 years old. Methods We enrolled 437 consecutive CAD patients < 50 years old who underwent drug-eluting stenting and 132 subjects who were age- and sex-matched and angiographically shown to be disease free as controls. MACEs were analyzed in CAD patients for a median of 24 months [interquartile range 14-34 months]. Results Male patients accounted for 90.4% of cases. As compared with controls, patients with early-onset CAD had higher body mass index and rates of smoking, family history of CAD, and diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. During the hospital stay, 1 patient died, and the incidence of MACEs was 1.1%. At the end of follow-up, the overall death rate was 0.7%. MACEs were observed in 54 patients (12.4%). On Cox proportional hazard analyses, positive family history and diabetes were independent risk factors of MACEs (HR 2.61, 95% confidence interval 1.29-4.00, p = 0.002; and HR 2.48, 95% confidence interval 0.86-3.14, p = 0.004, respectively). Conclusions Drug-eluting stenting is a reliable treatment for patients with early-onset CAD. Positive family history of CAD and diabetes are independent risk factors of adverse cardiovascular events in this subgroup of patients after drug-eluting stent implantation.
Keywords: early onset coronary artery disease, drug-eluting stent, family history, diabetes, risk factor.
Introduction
Patients with early onset coronary artery disease (CAD) are a special subgroup of atherosclerotic patients and account for 4% to 10% of all CAD patients. Young and old CAD patients show different risk factor profiles, clinical presentation, coronary lesion distribution and prognosis [1]. However, the relatively small number of young CAD patients has hindered attempts to understand the factors associated with long-term outcome of this population.
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has become an important strategy for treating CAD, even for high-risk lesions, such as three-vessel disease and left main coronary disease [2]. Recently, several clinical trials have shown the efficacy of PCI in early-onset CAD. PCI in young adults has shown excellent results on follow-up and is considered the treatment of choice [3-5].
Drug-eluting stents have been widely used in PCI because of their significant reduction in target vessel revascularization as compared with bare-metal stents [6]. However, few studies have examined the prognosis of drug-eluting stenting in relatively young CAD patients. In this study, we performed a study to examine risk factors associated with adverse cardiovascular events after drug-eluting stent implantation in patients with early-onset CAD.
Methods
Protocols
We selected consecutive patients < 50 years old who underwent drug-eluting stent implantation from January 2008 to December 2011 in Qilu Hospital, Shandong University. Exclusion criteria were history of familial dyslipidemia, type I diabetes, or endstage renal disease. Age- and gender-matched subjects angiographically proven to be disease free were selected as normal controls. The study was approved by the local review board and ethics committee, and all patients gave their written informed consent. Both patients and controls came from the same geographical area and had similar socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds.
A family history of CAD was defined as the presence of at least one-first degree relative with CAD developing before age 55 years for men and 65 years for women. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (meter) squared. Diabetes was defined as a fasting serum glucose level >126 mg/dl or current use of any diabetes medication. Hypertension was defined as seated diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg, systolic blood pressure > 140 mmHg, or use of anti-hypertensive drugs. Hypercholesterolemia was defined as total cholesterol > 5.2 mmol/L. Current smokers or drinkers were defined by self-reported current smoking or regular drinking.
Coronary angiography involved the Judkin technique with a quantitative coronary angiographic system. CAD extent was assessed in 2 ways as previously described[7]: 1) number of major coronary vessels with > 70% occlusion (left anterior descending, left circumflex, and right coronary arteries), namely, single-, double-, or triple-vessel disease, classified as grades 1-3 (> 50% lesion in the left main coronary artery was considered as two-vessel disease); and 2) number of narrowed major coronary vessels (left main, left anterior descending, left circumflex, and right coronary arteries) and/or their second-order branches (up to 2 large diagonals, 2 large marginals, and the posterior descending artery) with any narrowing, classified as grades 0-9. Coronary angiograms were interpreted by 2 investigators blinded to patient data.
Study endpoints and definitions
The follow-up information regarding health status and any hospital admissions was obtained from hospital records and by telephone in June 2012. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), including death (noncardiacvascular death and cardiac death), myocardial infarction, stroke, and any revascularization (PCI or coronary artery bypass grafting). Cardiovascular death was defined as death due to myocardial infarction, stroke or sudden death without any obvious reasons. Definition of myocardial infarction was based on the third universal definition [8]. Target lesion revascularization was defined as any attempted percutaneous or surgical revascularization of lesions in the coronary artery after the initial procedure. Outcomes were assessed by 2 independent observers who were blinded to patient baseline, clinical, and laboratory data.
Statistical analysis
Analysis of normality of continuous variables involved the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Normally distributed continuous variables are described by mean±SD. Non-normally distributed variables are described by median (interquartile range). Categorical data are described by number (percentage). Differences among groups were analyzed by t test or Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables and chi-square or Fisher's exact test for categorical data. Cox proportional-hazards multiple regression analysis involved potential confounders associated with clinical outcome with p-value <0.2 included in the model. Two-sided p <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses involved use of SPSS 17.0 for Windows (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
From January 2008 to December 2011, 3625 patients had underwent drug-eluting stent implantation in Qilu Hospital, Shandong University. We finally recruited 437 patients with >70% stenosis in at least 1 coronary vessel on angiography as early-onset CAD patients; the patients had been implanted with drug-eluting stents. We recruited 132 age- and gender-matched subjects angiographically proven to be disease free as normal controls. The prevalence of risk factors for cases and controls is in Table 1. Similar to previous reports [9, 10], most cases were male (90.3%). As compared with controls, cases had higher BMI and rate of smoking, family history of CAD, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia (p<0.05). Smoking was the most prevalent risk factor. In contrast, the groups did not differ in history of hypertension or rate of drinking (p>0.05). The average number of risk factors (including smoking, family history, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and diabetes) was 2.00± 0.05 for cases and 1.39 ± 0.09 for controls (p<0.001).
Distribution of risk factors of coronary artery disease (CAD) among patients < 50 years old (early-onset CAD) who underwent drug-eluting stenting and controls.
| Control (n=132) | Patients (n=437) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (no., range) | 45(40-47) | 44(41-47) | ns |
| Men (no., %) | 119(90.2) | 395(90.4) | ns |
| Smoking (no., %) | 61(46.2) | 288(65.9) | 0.00 |
| Drinking (no., %) | 79(59.9) | 250(57.2) | 0.59 |
| BMI (kg/m2; no., range) | 25.21 (22.79-27.76) | 26.62 (24.22-29.3) | 0.02 |
| Family history of CAD (no., %) | 20(15.2) | 128(29.3) | 0.00 |
| Hypertension (no., %) | 60(45.5) | 208(47.6) | 0.67 |
| Diabetes (no., %) | 15(11.4) | 111(25.4) | 0.00 |
| Hypercholesterolemia (no., %) | 29(22.0) | 137(31.4) | 0.04 |
BMI, body mass index; ns=not significant.
The clinical characteristics of CHD patients are in Table 2. The most common clinical presentation was unstable angina (55.8%), followed by ST-segment elevation MI (39.4%) and non-ST-segment elevation MI (4.8%). One patient had a previous diagnosis of renal failure and 2 patients had heart failure. Five patients (1.1%) had a previous diagnosis of autoimmune or rheumatic diseases; 21 had a history of myocardial infarction and 6 of these had undergone PCI. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 0.59±0.11.
Clinical characteristics of patients with early-onset CAD.
| Characteristic | No. of patients |
|---|---|
| Clinical presentation | |
| Unstable angina | 244 |
| Non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction | 21 |
| ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction | 172 |
| Renal failure | 1 |
| Chronic heart failure | 2 |
| Cocaine use | 0 |
| Use of contraceptive drugs | 0 |
| Autoimmune disease | 5 |
| Previous acute myocardial infarction | 21 |
| Previous coronary artery bypass grafting | 0 |
| Previous percutaneous coronary intervention | 6 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 0.59±0.11 |
Single-vessel disease was present in 42.1% of all cases, followed by double-vessel disease (29.8%, Table 3). Bifurcation lesions were found in 59 patients (13.5%). In all, 314 patients had 1 to 2 stents implanted, 108 had 3 to 4, and 15 had more than 4. The mean stent length for cases was 50.21± 1.50 mm. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors were used in 27.7% of patients undergoing PCI. At discharge, almost all patients were prescribed aspirin, clopidogrel and statins (91.2%). β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers were prescribed for 81.3%, 39.2%, and 23.3% of patients, respectively.
Angiographic and procedural characteristics for patients with early-onset CAD.
| Characteristic | No. of patients |
|---|---|
| Diseased coronary artery | |
| Left main | 7 |
| Single vessel | 184 |
| Double vessels | 130 |
| Triple vessels | 123 |
| Bifurcations | 59 |
| Stent number per patient | |
| 1-2 | 314 |
| 3-4 | 108 |
| >4 | 15 |
| Mean drug-eluting stent length per patient (mm) | 50.21± 1.50 |
| Medications at discharge | |
| Statins | 91.2% |
| β-blockers | 81.3% |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 39.2% |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | 23.3% |
| Aspirin | 100% |
| Clopidogrel | 100% |
| Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors | 27.7% |
No patient was lost to follow-up. The incidence of in-hospital and long-term adverse events are in Table 4. During the hospital stay, 5 patients experienced myocardial infarction. 1 patient died and 4 other patients underwent repeat PCI. No stroke was recorded. The incidence of in-hospital MACEs was 1.1%. During a median follow-up of 24 months (interquartile range 14-34 months), the overall mortality was 0.7% (2 patients died from cardiac causes and 1 patient from liver cancer), and the incidence of myocardial infarction was 3.9%. Repeat PCI was needed in 9.4% of patients (n=41) and coronary artery bypass grafting in 0.5% (n=2). The incidence of all MACEs was 12.4%. On Cox proportional-hazards multivariate analysis, family history of CAD and diabetes were independent predictors of MACEs with drug-eluting stenting for CAD (HR 2.61, 95% confidence interval 1.29-4.00, p = 0.002; and HR 2.48, 95% confidence interval 0.86-3.14, p = 0.004, respectively; Table 5), after adjusting for age, gender, CAD extent, smoking status, BMI, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia at baseline.
Incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events among patients with early-onset CAD
| Variable | No. (%) |
|---|---|
| In-hospital events | |
| Death | 1 (0.2) |
| Myocardial infarction | 5 (1.1) |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 0 |
| Repeat percutaneous coronary intervention | 4 (0.9) |
| Coronary artery bypass grafting | 0 |
| Events at long-term follow-up | |
| Death | 3 (0.7) |
| Myocardial infarction | 17 (3.9) |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 1 (0.2) |
| In-stent restenosis | 25 (5.7) |
| Repeat percutaneous coronary intervention | 41 (9.4) |
| Coronary artery bypass grafting | 2 (0.5) |
Cox proportional-hazards multivariate analysis of independent predictors of major adverse cardiovascular events
| Tested Variable | p value | Hazard ratio | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|
| Family history | 0.002 | 2.61 | 1.29-4.00 |
| Diabetes | 0.004 | 2.48 | 0.86-3.14 |
| Dyshypercholesterolemia | 0.12 | 0.57 | 0.27-1.15 |
Discussion
Early-onset CAD requires special clinical attention because of its devastating impact on patients and society. Recently, PCI has shown encouraging results in relatively young people with CAD [4, 5], but data on drug-eluting stenting in this subset are limited. Most available published studies were conducted in the era before such stenting or examined both drug-eluting and bare-metal stenting. In this study, we performed long-term follow-up (median 24 months) of relatively young patients (< 50 years old) with CAD and revealed that drug-eluting stenting was a reliable treatment for early-onset CAD. Family history of CAD and diabetes were independent risk factors of adverse cardiovascular events in early-onset CAD with stent implantation.
Drug-eluting stenting is gaining in popularity among cardiologists because of its effectiveness in reducing restenosis rate. PCI seems to provide excellent results in the hospital and during long-term follow-up [11, 12]. Recently, drug-eluting stenting showed good short-term follow-up results in 26 patients with premature CAD, with no target lesion revascularization [3]. In our study, after a median follow-up of 24 months (interquartile range 14-34 months), the overall mortality was 0.7% and the incidence of total MACEs was 12.4%. These rates are relative lower than those in studies of ordinary populations [13, 14]. Thus, drug-eluting stenting could be a good choice for therapy for early-onset CAD.
Family history of CAD is an important risk factor of early-onset CAD [1, 15], but little has been learned about the relationship between family history and prognosis for this subgroup of patients. The results of our study demonstrate that family history of CAD is an important predictor of major adverse cardiovascular events in relatively young CAD patients with drug-eluting stents. The influence of family history is independent of other well-known risk factors. Genetic background may play an important role in the development of CAD and may be associated with long-term outcomes in relatively young CAD patients with drug-eluting stenting, as was shown in unrestricted populations [16, 17].
Diabetes has been considered a risk factor of both early- and late-onset CAD [18]. Recently, diabetes was found an independent predictor of long-term mortality in premature CAD with PCI [4], but studies revealing the relationship between diabetes and outcomes of drug-eluting stenting in early onset CAD are lacking. In our study, after a median follow-up of 24 months, diabetes was found a strong risk factor of major cardiovascular events after drug-eluting stenting, which indicates the importance of diabetes control.
Recently, several large-scale studies have shown a strong association of traditional risk factors (such as male sex, family history, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and smoking) and early-onset CAD [19, 20]. Our study confirmed those previous finding by showing a significantly higher rate of smoking, family history of CAD, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia in relatively young patients with CAD. The average number of risk factors was also significantly greater in patients than controls, which implies the importance of traditional risk factors in the development of early-onset CAD. Gender and smoking should be monitored because of a high difference between patients and controls in these factors.
Our study contains some limitations. Firstly, the majority of end points are repeat revascularization. A much larger sample size would be needed to have necessary power for a more robust Death/MI endpoint. Secondly, although we showed the overt association of family history of CAD and diabetes with long-term outcomes of drug-eluting stenting, the sample was from a single center, so results may not be representative of the general population. Thirdly, the population was small. The conclusion needs to be examined in a larger population and a better-designed study.
In conclusion, our study showed that drug-eluting stenting is a reliable treatment for Chinese patients with early onset CAD. Family history of CAD and diabetes are independent risk factors of adverse cardiovascular events in early onset CAD with such stenting.
Abbreviations
CAD: coronary artery disease; MACE: major adverse cardiovascular events; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; BMI: body mass index.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81000125 and 81000127), Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (20100131120057) and Promotive Research Fund for Young and Middle-aged Scientists of Shandong Province (BS2012YY017).
Competing Interests
The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.
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Author contact
Corresponding authors: Cheng Zhang, M.D., Ph.D. Department of cardiology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, No. 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China E-mail: zhangcedu.cn. Or Wenjing Li MA Fine Arts School of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China E-mail: tianya_79com Tel:+8653182169484 Fax:+8653186169356.
Received 2014-1-29
Accepted 2014-4-21
Published 2014-5-10
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