Cloth: 978-0-226-70265-0 | Paper: 978-0-226-70266-7 | Electronic: 978-0-226-25657-3
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226256573.001.0001
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ABOUT THIS BOOK
Raff uses the evolution of animal body plans to exemplify the interplay between developmental mechanisms and evolutionary patterns. Animal body plans emerged half a billion years ago. Evolution within these body plans during this span of time has resulted in the tremendous diversity of living animal forms.
Raff argues for an integrated approach to the study of the intertwined roles of development and evolution involving phylogenetic, comparative, and functional biology. This new synthesis will interest not only scientists working in these areas, but also paleontologists, zoologists, morphologists, molecular biologists, and geneticists.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
Acknowledgments
The worst journey in the world
Old roots and tangled branches
Recapitulation, transformation, and von Baer's laws
Haeckel: Metaphor as mechanism
The embryological strand
The conflict between heredity and development
Rate genes: An attempted synthesis
Ontogeny meets the operon
An almost meeting of the minds
A deep intellectual divide
Issues for an evolutionary developmental biology
Questions of macroevolution and body plans
Homology and body plan
The living phyla
The need for phylogeny
Phylogenetic tools
Outgroups and primitive characters
Cladograms and phylogenetic trees
Diversity and disparity
Deep time
The first animals
Precambrian life and environments
Are the Ediacaran fossils animals at all?
If not animals, what?
Bodies and behaviors on the Cambrian boundary
Small shelly fossils
Unearthing the unimaginable
More body plans, faster evolution?
Evolution and progress
A summary: The importance of the fossils
Inferring molecular phylogenies
Outlining a molecular phylogeny of the phyla
The base of the metazoan radiation
The base of the radiation of the Bilateria
Strange territory: The pseudocoelomates
Coelomate protostomes
Lophophorates
Arthropod monophyly versus polyphyly
Arthropod molecular phylogenies
The disparity of Cambrian arthropods
Deuterostomes
Molecular biology and the metazoan radiation
The Crystal Palace dinosaurs
Interpreting lost body plans
The Neanderthal's missing voice and DNA's forgotten bases
Can our methods recover phylogenies from genes?
Gene trees versus species trees
Setting the molecular "clock"
Extinct lineages affect molecular phylogenies
Fossil genes
Summing up: Phylogeny and the evolution of development
Body plans and developmental biology
Why have no new phyla appeared since the Cambrian?
Mass extinctions and big opportunities
Invasion of the land
Hypotheses on the stability of body plans
Patterns of development in the metazoan radiation
Hox genes and body plans
Evolutionary stability of early development
Radical evolutionary changes in early development
Body plans and how they develop
Fiddling with the rules
Stability of phylotypic stages
Evolution after the phylotypic stage
The developmental hourglass
The evolutionary significance of early development
Dichotomies and model systems
The limits of model systems
Rules for evolutionary developmental biology
Life history and developmental strategies
Conservation and change in early development
Developmental modes in sea urchins
Radically reorganizing development
Changes in morphogenesis
Similar genes, different embryos
Parallel and divergent mechanisms
Nematodes
A molluscan diversion
Evolution of development in primitive chordates: Ascidians
Vertebrate life histories and embryos: Frogs and salamanders
How general are evolutionary changes in early development?
Experimental evolution: Manipulating egg size
Regulation: The underlying flexibility of development
What price immortality?
Defining heterochronies
Local versus global heterochronies
Heterochronies need not be limited to late development
Development of the dead
The meaning of paedomorphosis
The meaning of peramorphosis
Pre-displacement and post-displacement
Genetics of heterochrony
Time and growth control
Heterochrony as a result, not a process
Human evolution
To recapitulate
The divine watchmaker
Constraints
Why are there no centaurs or six-legged greyhounds?
Is selection adequate?
Whence constraints?
On the other hand
Genomic constraints
Constraint by number of cell types
Frozen controls?
Constraints imposed by the limits of structure
Constraint by complexity
Allometry: Done in by big antlers?
Mosaic bodies
Evolutionary mechanisms
Principles of evolvability
Modularity
The genetic organization of modules
Standard parts
Connectivity to other modules
Temporal transformations
Dissociation
Duplication and divergence
Co-option
A co-option event at morphological and gene levels
Limb buds: Evolution of a module
Identities of molecules signaling between limb bud modules
Genes and the execution of pattern
Commonalities in limb development across phyla
Limbs as serial homologues
Why not eight toes?
Modules set up by gene switches
Summing up
A termite history of the world
Sex and "polymorphic technology"
Fluidity of sex determination mechanisms
Evolution of eyes
Co-option of eye structures and genes
Dollo's law
Turning back the clock: Evolutionary reversals
Consequences of fluid genomes
Patagonian thinkers
Whales and the return to the sea
Wings and the insect body plan
Genes for legs and wings
Differentiating the flies from the butterflies
The echinoderm radial body plan
Rates and fossils
Exploring body plan evolution
Genes, homology, and evolution
References
Index