Long Term Effects of Ploughing and Conservation Tillage Methods on Earthworm Abundance and Crumb Ratio
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Evaluation of Seasons
2.3. Soil Water Content Determination
2.4. Tillage Treatments
2.5. Crop Sequence
2.6. Surface Cover Ratio
2.7. Earthworm Abundance
2.8. Soil Crumb Ratio
2.9. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Soil Water Content
3.2. Earthworm Abundance at Different Soil Condition and Seasons
3.3. Crumb Formation at Different Soil Condition and Four Seasons
4. Discussion
4.1. Soil Water Content at Different Soil Tillage Treatments and Type of Seasons
4.2. Earthworm Abundance at Different Soil Condition and Year-Groups
4.3. Crumb Formation at Different Soil Condition and Type of Seasons
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Seasons | Cereals | Wide Row Crops | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
After Harvest | After Sowing | After Harvest | After Sowing | |
D | 51.0–56.0 | 3.5–46.3 | – | 2.0–40.0 |
R | 52.5–65.5 | 1.5–30.5 | 71.7–77.7 | 1.0–29.0 |
RD | 58.5–62.5 | 1.5–21.0 | 67.0–75.0 | 2.0–35.0 |
DR | 76.0–82.0 | 3.0–40.5 | 36.0–40.0 | 1.0–47.5 |
Seasons | L | P | T | ST | DT | NT | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D | 21.2 aC | 20.4 bC | 21.5 aC | 21.4 aC | 20.4 bD | 20.7 bD | 21.0 |
R | 26.5 aA | 25.1 cA | 26.4 aA | 26.5 aA | 25.1 cA | 26.0 bA | 26.0 |
RD | 25.3 bB | 24.9 bA | 26.0 aB | 26.0 aB | 24.2 cC | 25.1 bC | 25.0 |
DR | 26.3 aA | 24.5 cB | 26.4 aA | 26.2 aB | 24.7 cB | 25.7 bB | 26.0 |
Mean | 24.8 | 23.7 | 25.1 | 25.1 | 23.6 | 24.4 | 25.0 |
Site | L | P | T | ST | DT | NT | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cereals | 25.0 a | 23.3 c | 25.0 a | 25.0 a | 23.2 c | 24.1 b | 24.4 |
Wide row crops | 25.6 b | 25.3 b | 26.3 a | 26.4 a | 25.2 b | 25.6 b | 25.7 |
Cereal stubbles | 25.9 ab | 24.4 d | 26.4 a | 26.8 a | 25.0 c | 26.6 a | 25.9 |
Wide crop stubbles | 25.9 b | 25.0 c | 26.6 a | 27.0 a | 25.2 c | 26.8 a | 26.1 |
Mean | 25.6 | 24.5 | 26.1 | 26.3 | 24.7 | 25.8 | 25.5 |
Seasons | L | P | T | ST | DT | NT | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D | 19 a | 12 bc | 23 a | 24 a | 15 b | 24 a | 20 |
R | 30 a | 17 bc | 34 a | 35 a | 23 ab | 35 a | 29 |
RD | 20 a | 8 b | 20 a | 23 a | 10 b | 29 a | 18 |
DR | 19 c | 7 d | 25 c | 39 b | 20 c | 50 a | 27 |
Mean | 22 | 11 | 26 | 30 | 17 | 35 | 24 |
Site | L | P | T | ST | DT | NT | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cereals | 28 d | 14 f | 31 c | 35 b | 21 e | 37 a | 28 |
Wide row crops | 20 c | 13 d | 27 b | 32 a | 20 c | 32 a | 24 |
Cereal stubbles | 22 d | 13 f | 27 c | 32 b | 18 e | 34 a | 24 |
Wide row crop stubbles | 20 d | 10 f | 25 c | 28 b | 15 e | 30 a | 21 |
Mean | 23 | 13 | 28 | 32 | 19 | 33 | 24 |
Seasons | L | P | T | ST | DT | NT | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D | 66 b | 56 c | 66 b | 70 a | 55 c | 65 b | 63 |
R | 73 c | 62 e | 75 b | 78 a | 64 d | 73 c | 71 |
RD | 77 b | 67 d | 78 b | 81 a | 63 e | 75 c | 74 |
DR | 76 c | 65 d | 79 b | 84 a | 64 d | 76 e | 74 |
Mean | 73 | 63 | 75 | 78 | 62 | 72 | 71 |
Site | L | P | T | ST | DT | NT | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cereals | 74 b | 65 c | 77 a | 79 a | 63 c | 74 b | 72 |
Wide row crops | 73 a | 61 c | 72 ab | 75 a | 61 c | 73 a | 69 |
Cereal stubbles | 77 b | 73 c | 80 a | 81 a | 74 c | 80 a | 78 |
Wide crop stubbles | 74 ab | 69 c | 76 a | 78 a | 69 c | 75 ab | 74 |
Mean | 75 | 67 | 76 | 78 | 67 | 76 | 73 |
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Dekemati, I.; Simon, B.; Bogunovic, I.; Kisic, I.; Kassai, K.; Kende, Z.; Birkás, M. Long Term Effects of Ploughing and Conservation Tillage Methods on Earthworm Abundance and Crumb Ratio. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1552. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy10101552
Dekemati I, Simon B, Bogunovic I, Kisic I, Kassai K, Kende Z, Birkás M. Long Term Effects of Ploughing and Conservation Tillage Methods on Earthworm Abundance and Crumb Ratio. Agronomy. 2020; 10(10):1552. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy10101552
Chicago/Turabian StyleDekemati, Igor, Barbara Simon, Igor Bogunovic, Ivica Kisic, Katalin Kassai, Zoltán Kende, and Márta Birkás. 2020. "Long Term Effects of Ploughing and Conservation Tillage Methods on Earthworm Abundance and Crumb Ratio" Agronomy 10, no. 10: 1552. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy10101552