Nitrogen Yields and Biological Nitrogen Fixation of Winter Grain Legumes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Environmental Conditions
2.2. Experimental Setup and Treatments
2.3. Plant Sampling, Nitrogen Determination and Calculations
2.4. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Biomass Yields
3.2. Nitrogen Concentrations and C/N Ratios
3.3. Nitrogen Yields and N Harvest Index
3.4. Nitrogen Utilization
3.5. Mineral N Content in the Soil at Harvest
3.6. Nitrogen Sparing and Biological Nitrogen Fixation
4. Discussion
4.1. Winter Grain Legumes Have Higher Biomass and N Yields
4.2. Autumn-Sowing Results in Higher Nitrogen Fixation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Temperature (°C) | Precipitation (mm) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | 2013/14 | 2014/15 | Mean | 2013/14 | 2014/15 | |
(1983–2012) | (±) | (±) | (1983–2012) | (±) | (±) | |
October | 10.8 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 34.4 | −8.2 | −3.0 |
November | 5.3 | 0.8 | 3.1 | 37.8 | −8.4 | −12.3 |
December | 1.1 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 32.4 | −22.0 | 5.9 |
January | 0.4 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 25.3 | −20.9 | 16.5 |
February | 1.6 | 2.7 | 1.0 | 25.5 | 2.4 | −9.7 |
March | 5.9 | 3.6 | 0.9 | 37.8 | −28.1 | −10.1 |
April | 11.1 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 36.6 | 89.8 | −8.2 |
May | 15.8 | −0.6 | −0.3 | 57.9 | 47.0 | −12.5 |
June | 18.7 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 72.7 | −20.8 | −39.8 |
July | 21.1 | 0.9 | 2.7 | 64.6 | 44.1 | −22.5 |
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Neugschwandtner, R.W.; Bernhuber, A.; Kammlander, S.; Wagentristl, H.; Klimek-Kopyra, A.; Lošák, T.; Zholamanov, K.K.; Kaul, H.-P. Nitrogen Yields and Biological Nitrogen Fixation of Winter Grain Legumes. Agronomy 2021, 11, 681. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy11040681
Neugschwandtner RW, Bernhuber A, Kammlander S, Wagentristl H, Klimek-Kopyra A, Lošák T, Zholamanov KK, Kaul H-P. Nitrogen Yields and Biological Nitrogen Fixation of Winter Grain Legumes. Agronomy. 2021; 11(4):681. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy11040681
Chicago/Turabian StyleNeugschwandtner, Reinhard W., Alexander Bernhuber, Stefan Kammlander, Helmut Wagentristl, Agnieszka Klimek-Kopyra, Tomáš Lošák, Kuanysh K. Zholamanov, and Hans-Peter Kaul. 2021. "Nitrogen Yields and Biological Nitrogen Fixation of Winter Grain Legumes" Agronomy 11, no. 4: 681. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy11040681