Next Article in Journal
δ-Cells: The Neighborhood Watch in the Islet Community
Previous Article in Journal
Plant Endemism Centres and Biodiversity Hotspots in Greece
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Biology
Volume 10
Issue 2
10.3390/biology10020073
biology-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Human Fatalities Caused by Hornet, Wasp and Bee Stings in Spain: Epidemiology at State and Sub-State Level from 1999 to 2018

by
Xesús Feás
Academy of Veterinary Sciences of Galicia, Edificio EGAP, Rúa Madrid, No. 2-4, 15707 Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain
Biology 2021, 10(2), 73; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology10020073
Submission received: 21 December 2020 / Revised: 14 January 2021 / Accepted: 19 January 2021 / Published: 20 January 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Medical Biology)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:

Simple Summary

Although not frequent, hornet, wasp, and bee stings may be life-threatening. Over the 20-year period studied, a total of 78 fatalities were recorded in Spain, the annual mortality rates ranging from 0.02 to 0.19 per million inhabitants. The fatal events mainly affected men over 65 years of age, and took place in summertime, at “unspecified places”. At regional level, the deaths tended to concentrate in three communities: Galicia, Andalucía, and Castilla y León. Surprisingly, Galicia showed high mortality rates in hornet stings. The implication of the invasive species Vespa velutina, also known as the Asian hornet, is examined. In light of the findings, there is evidence to consider the health-related importance and consequences of Vespa velutina.

Abstract

Epidemiology of fatalities in Spain due to hornet, wasp, and bee stings (Cause Code of Death: X23) is described. Over a 20-year period (1999–2018), a total of 78 fatalities were recorded, mostly occurring in males (85.9%), of 65 years and older (52.6%), at “unspecified places” (67.9%), and in the months of July and August (50%). The X23 mortality rates (X23MR) expressed in terms of annual rates and per million inhabitants, varied from 0.02 to 0.19 (mean value ± standard deviation = 0.09 ± 0.05), placing Spain at low levels in comparison with other countries. A more detailed and specific breakdown of the distribution of the yearly deaths at the sub-state level and across communities reveals some striking features. They were more concentrated in the communities of Galicia (35.8%), Andalucía (21.7%), and Castilla y León (12.8%). X23MR were estimated in Galicia at 1.82, 1.10, and 2.22 in 2014, 2016, and 2018, respectively; and in Asturias at 1.88 and 0.97, in 2014 and 2017, respectively. The role of the invasive species Vespa velutina (VV) is examined. Due to its habits, abundance, and broader distribution, the risk that VV represents to human health is unmatched by other Hymenoptera native species.

1. Introduction

Insects are important and dominant creatures in nature because of their diversity, ecological role, and influence on natural resources. In fact, insects originate the biological foundation for all terrestrial ecosystems, and every living creature relies, in one way or another, on insects for equilibrium [1]. Certainly the role of insects in human evolutionary history and well-being is indisputable [2].
Social bees and wasps are recognized as important for early hominids. The practice of harvesting wild bees for honey and wax, as well as hunting wasp colonies for brood and nests, survives in our day, although man has now become a beekeeper and an incipient wasp breeder. Beehive harvested products (honey, pollen, propolis, bee bread, wax, royal jelly, and venom) have been useful since ancient times, not only as food but also as treatment for medical conditions [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]. Wasps too are appreciated as nutritious food and their nests are used therapeutically in traditional medicine [14]. Bees and wasps provide an important service to ecosystems, contributing to the improvement of biodiversity while helping to maintain ecological balance.
Moreover, their medical-veterinary importance should also be outlined. Among invertebrate groups, the Hymenoptera represent the only species possessing inoculator’s venom, produced by the venom gland. In the Aculeates, the defining feature is that the egg-laying ovipositor is modified to form a sting [15]. The major insect group causing reaction are those of the genera Apis (honeybees) and Bombus (bumblebees) in the family Apidae; Vespula (yellowjackets), Dolichovespula and Vespa (hornets), and Polistes (paper wasps) of the family Vespidae; and different stinging ants of the superfamily Formicoidea, such as Solenopsis (fire ants) and Pogonomyrmex (harvester ants) [16].
A&E physicians encounter large numbers of hymenopteran sting cases each year. In fact, during their lifetime, 94.5% of people are stung by wasps, honeybees, hornets, or bumble-bees, resulting in an unpleasant experience [17]. Insects are not prone to attack and sting humans; however, social Hymenoptera such as hornets, wasps, and bees: (i) have a massive defensive response to any threat to the colony and (ii) the evolution of the venom system in social Apidae and Vespidae appears to have further evolved to cause pain and augment the immune response in humans and other vertebrate predators [18].
There are five types of reactions to Hymenoptera stings including normal local reactions (NLR), large local reactions (LLR), systemic anaphylactic reactions (SAR), systemic toxic reactions (STR), and unusual reactions (UR) [19]. Most stings by Hymenoptera species only lead to a NLR: redness, swelling, itching, and pain. Yet, in a minority of cases (0.02% to 4%) a SAR, sometimes life-threatening, may occur [20]. The prevalence of SAR in epidemiological studies in Europe to hymenoptera stings ranged between 0.3 and 7.5% in adults and 0.15–3.4% in children [21]. Despite the common event of hymenopteran stings, about 100 million cases are detected each year around the world, fatalities due their stings are statistically rare [17]. Under the current International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-11), Chapter XX allows the classification of environmental events and circumstances as the cause of injury, poisoning, and other adverse effects. Fatalities due to hornet, wasp, and bee stings (including yellow jackets) are coded as single category, the X23 [22].
The reviewed incidence of insect-sting mortality around the world is statistically low, but not negligible, ranging from 0.03 to 0.48 fatalities per million inhabitants per year [23]. In Spain, the data is scarce. The Spanish Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology indicates the mortality rate at 0.08 per million inhabitants per year, which means that around 3 or 4 people could die each year from this cause in the event that after sting they did not receive immediate medical attention [24]. Similar values are cited by other authors, with 3 deaths per year (0.08 per million inhabitants and year between 1983 and 1993) [25]. It was highlighted that fatalities due to stinging insects are poorly registered and documented. Furthermore, post-mortem studies suggest that fatal hymenoptera allergy may be underestimated [26,27].
Due to its complex orography and geographic situation, there are marked biogeographical differences in terms of species, populations, and ecosystems throughout Spain. Spain is the most climatically diverse country in Europe, with 13 different Köppen climates. With four biogeographical regions (Mediterranean, Atlantic, Alpine, Macaronesian) several habitats are present to which a variety of hymenopteran communities is associated. In the Iberian Peninsula, just over 9000 species have been cited, which represents 6.13% of the world’s fauna. In fact, Spain possesses one of the richest faunas of hymenopterans in the world [28]. An account of bee species and subspecies recorded in Spain list around 1105 [29]. Current statistics regarding the numbers of apiarists active in Spain show in 2018 a total of 2,868,337 hives registered, which means an average of 5.7 beehives/km2 and 6.1 beehives per 100 inhabitants. The Vespidae family has four subfamilies on the Iberian Peninsula and a total of 162 species are registered so far: 133 Eumeninae, 11 Masarinae, seven Polistinae, and 11 Vespinae [30].
In the last ten years, three not-native species in the genus Vespa Linnaeus, 1758 have been detected in Spain: (i) the yellow-legged Asian hornet (Vespa velutina Lepeletier 1836), found in 2010 in the community of Navarra [31]; (ii) the black shield hornet (Vespa bicolor Fabricius, 1787) found in 2013 in Málaga (community of Andalucía) [32] and the Oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis Linnaeus 1771) found in Valencia (community of Valencia) in 2012 [33]. The three species have been able to fund stable populations in the entrance areas; however, they differ in their propagation capacity, highlighting the invasive nature alien species (IAS), the Vespa velutina.
Accidents due to insect stings, mainly hornet, have been reported in local and national newspapers and other media such as TV, suggesting that the number of people affected might be increasing. In this context of certain social alarm, in 2015, it was communicated that from a strictly medical point of view, there is no reason for the social alarm generated by the appearance of the Asian hornet in the Spanish hymenoptera population [24]. In 2016, Galician sanitary authorities declared that the “Asian hornet is highly important regarding both economy and biodiversity, not so much regarding public or clinical health” [34]. The Asian hornet was first detected in Europe, in 2004, concretely in France, where studies from French poison control centers show that the increase in the Asian hornet population in the south west region of the country has not thus far resulted in an increase in the number of Hymenoptera stings between 2004 to 2008 [35].
Health risks and deaths caused by wasp stings have become a public health concern around the world. In China, data from Hubei province show that fifty-four people died, according to the clinical data of hospitalized wasp sting patients (n = 1091) from 2009–2011 [36]. In South Korea from 2010 to 2014, there were 483,233 calls requesting removal of wasp nests and Hymenoptera stings caused 78,860 injuries and 49 deaths, Polistes rothneyi koreanus Vecht and Vespa velutina being the most prevalent sources [37]. A recent global appraisal on the epidemiology of Vespa spp. sting highlights that, despite the number of cases present, this health problem could be underestimated due to the lack of public information [38].
There is a general lack of data regarding the fatalities caused by insect stings in Spain. Therefore, the aim of the present work is to document and characterize the Spanish deaths due to hornet, wasp, and bee stings over a 20-year period (1998–2018) at the state and sub-state level. The implication of the invasive species Vespa velutina is examined. In the light of the findings, I argue that in Spain there are spots of extremely high exposure to insect stings, mainly due to the Vespa velutina. It is necessary that health issues are seen as a core part of the impact associated with this invasive alien species.

2. Materials and Methods

The Spanish National Statistical Institute (INE) was queried about all fatalities in Spain resulting from contact with hornets, wasps, and bees (ICD-10 code X23). The INE is a legally independent administrative autonomous institution assigned to the Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competivity via the Secretary of State for the Economy and Business Support. The INE is responsible for assembling causes of death as well as other epidemiologic data from death certificates in Spain.
The INE returned a microdata file, comprising individual data for all X23-related fatalities registered between 1999 and 2018, both included. Observations were filtered appropriately to elicit anonymous information so as to ensure confidentiality. For each observation, the following particular variables were obtained and grouped:
–
Gender.
–
Month of occurrence.
–
Place of occurrence, comprising nine categories: home; residential institution; school, other institutions, and public administrative areas; sports and athletics; street and highway; trade and services; industry and construction; farming; other specified places; and unspecified places.
–
Age categories, comprising four ranges: children (0–14 years), youth (15–24 years), adults (25–64), and seniors (65 years and older).
–
Community in which the fatality happened, comprising nineteen administrative territories: Andalucía, Aragón, Asturias, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Cantabria, Castilla y León, Castilla-La Mancha, Cataluña, Valencia, Extremadura, Galicia, Madrid, Murcia, Navarra, País Vasco, La Rioja, City of Ceuta, and City of Melilla.
The X23 mortality rates (X23MR) were calculated by dividing the number of people who died from a X23 cause (ni) by the number of people residing in the sample area as reported on the census (Pj), as of 1 January of each year:
X 23 MR = ∑ i ∈ s n i / P j .
The X23MR are expressed in terms of annual rates (i.e., per year) and per 1,000,000 inhabitants. The X23MR were obtained both for the state at sub-state level, i.e., for the Spanish State as well as for each of the nineteen administrative territories. State and sub-state population rates were obtained from INE.

3. Results

During the years 1999–2018, 78 deaths were officially registered in Spain with the external cause of injury code X23, i.e., deaths related to contact with hornets, wasps, and bees (Figure 1). It means an average number of 3.9 deaths per year during the 20-year period studied, reaching a high of nine deaths in 2018, and minimum values of one death in 2007 and 2008. Of the total number of victims, sixty seven were among men and eleven were among women. The fatalities accounted disproportionately for males with 85.9% of the total deaths.
The X23MR values for the 20-year period analyzed ranged from 0.02 to 0.19 (mean value ± standard deviation = 0.09 ± 0.05) (Figure 2).
In relation to place of occurrence, fatal stings occurred in a wide range of situations, including: 7.6% at home; 1.2% at school, other institutions and public administrative areas; 5.1% on streets and highways; 8.9% at farms; and 8.9% at other specified places. However, the 67.9% of the fatalities are recorded at “unspecified places”. The most common age group to be fatally injured by hornet, wasp, and bee stings was 65 years and older, with a total of forty-one people, representing 52.6% of the deaths (Table 1). Next, the 25–64-year-old age group with thirty-seven deaths, representing 47.4% of the total number of deaths. No deaths were recorded among the other two age categories, children (00–14 years) and youth (15–24 years).
Fatalities according to time of year rank, July as having the highest percentage of deaths caused by hornets, wasps, and bees, accounting for 32.0% of the total (Figure 3). Followed by August, October, and September, with a 17.9, 14.1, and 10.2% of the total deaths, respectively. No deaths occurred from 1999 to 2018 in Spain in the months of January and March.
A map containing the number of deaths at the sub-state level due to hornet, wasps, and bee stings based on the twenty-year period studied (1999–2018) is shown in Figure 4. There are no registered deaths due to hornet, wasp, and bee stings in the communities of Navarra, La Rioja, Cantabria, Canary Islands, City of Ceuta, and City of Melilla. Furthermore, Aragón, Cataluña, Madrid, Murcia, and País Vasco only registered one death over the period studied. The deaths were more highly concentrated in the communities of Galicia (35.8%), Andalucía (21.7%), and Castilla y León (12.8%), with twenty-eight, seventeen, and ten victims, respectively.
X23 mortality rates (X23MR) at the sub-state level varied across the territory (Table 2). High X23MR values were found for Asturias (1.88 in year 2014), and for Galicia (1.82 in 2014, 1.10 in 2016, and 2.22 in 2018)

4. Discussion

The majority of deaths (n = 78) in Spain over the 20-year period (1999–2018) due to hornet, wasp, and bee stings can be described as occurring in males (85.9%), in the age group of 65 years and older (52.6%), at “unspecified places” (67.9%), and in the months of July and August (50%).
The role of gender in the pathogenic mechanisms of anaphylaxis in general, and of insect-venom anaphylaxis in particular, is still largely unknown. It was suggested that the higher incidence of anaphylaxis to venom in men can probably result from differences both in occupation and degree of exposure. Occupational anaphylaxis has been reported especially for beekeepers, beekeeping being an activity mainly carried out by men. Moreover, since more men than women work outdoors and do sports, they are stung more frequently than women and might therefore be at a higher risk of allergic reactions. Mastocytosis, a risk factor of venom allergy, prevails in males rather than females [39]. Despite theoretical premises and certain clinical observations indicating estrogen as having an important role in allergic diseases, the influence on hypersensitivity to stinging insects’ venom is not unequivocal and remains still open. Other investigators, conversely, found out that women are more often affected by Hymenoptera Venom Allergy (HVA) than men [40]. Gender is one of the risk factors in the reaction to fatal stings, being men three times more at risk than women [41]. Regarding age, there are differences in hymenopteran-induced fatalities. The number of deaths clearly evidenced the higher risk in the elderly. Comparable observations were described in Colombia, where the 50-year-and-older group accounted for the 73% of the fatalities [42] and in South Korea, where deaths occurred in those over the age of 50 [37]. However, it was highlighted that a clinically important number of children do not outgrow allergic reactions to insect stings, and there is a prolonged benefit in children to the use of venom immunotheraphy, leading to lower risks of systemic reactions to stings [43]. Fatalities due to hornet, wasp, and bee stings in Spain were concentrated in summer (July and August) as well as late spring and early fall. In fact, stinging insect colonies are typically at their maximal size in late summer and/or autumn, with ranges varying depending on the species. Bumblebees, wasps, and hornets are eusocial insects with a colony-based annual life cycle and a caste-based social system, with queens, workers, and males reaching peak abundance at different stages in the cycle.
In these species, there is no colonial life in winter. Old queens, workers, and males die in the autumn or winter, and only the newly mated queens survive. New queens hibernate and start new nests and colonies next spring. In winter, beehives show few or no signs of activity. Inside, there are a few thousand workers forming a cluster with the queen bee. As a result of this increased activity both in insects and humans doing outdoor activities, the possibility of coming into contact with a stinging insect becomes much greater during the late summer. Related to the place of occurrence, fatal stings occurred in a wide range of situations, including: 7.6% at home; 1.2% at school, other institution, and public administrative areas; 5.1% at street and highway; 8.9% at farm; and 8.9% at other specified places. However, the 67.9% of the fatalities are recorded at “unspecified places”. The frequent use of the above imprecise category gives little insight into the circumstances and the contexts in which such events occur, limiting the development of prevention initiatives.
At state level, the X23MR values of the 20-year period analyzed ranged from 0.02 to 0.19 (mean value ± standard deviation = 0.09 ± 0.05), placing Spain at lower levels, compared to the annual mean data of deaths per million inhabitants in other countries (Table 3). Values equal to or less than 0.08 for the whole of Spain are recorded in half the years corresponding to the study period, specifically 0.02 in 2007 and 2008, 0.04 in 2010 and 2013, 0.05 in 2004, 0.06 in 2012 and 2015, 0.07 in 2000 and 2006, and 0.08 in 2011.
A more detailed and specific breakdown of the distribution of the deaths due to stinging insects at the sub-state level by year and across communities reveals some striking features. The communities concentrating the high beehive stock in Spain show a decline of X23MR in the last ten years of the period studied (2009–2018). A very high rate of insect sting fatalities involving residents of Galicia and Asturias occurred in recent years (2014, 2016, 2017, and 2018).
Compared to the first decade of the study period analyzed, the second (2009–2018) saw a reduction in the number of sting-related fatal cases in: Andalucía, Aragón, Castilla y León, Cataluña, Valencia, Extremadura, and Madrid; and the opposite trend with an increase in X23MR in: Asturias, Balearic Islands, Castilla-La Mancha, Galicia, Murcia, and Pais Vasco. Out of the total Spanish beehive stock, 21.8% (15.4 hives/km2; 58.3 hives/100 inhabitants), 19.6% (6.4 hives/km2; 6.7 hives/100 inhabitants), 15.3% (4.7 hives/km2; 18.2 hives/100 inhabitants), and 12.5% (15.4 hives/km2; 7.2 hives/100 inhabitants) are distributed in Extremadura, Andalusia, Castilla y León, and Valencia, respectively [52].
A very high rate of insect sting fatalities involved residents of Galicia and Asturias. X23MR was estimated in Galicia at 1.82, 1.10, and 2.22 deaths per million inhabitants in 2014, 2016, and 2018, respectively. X23MR were estimated in Asturias at 1.88 and 0.97 deaths per million inhabitants in 2014 and 2017, respectively. To the best of my knowledge, this is the highest described so far in scientific literature. Galicia had a total of 167,977 hives in 2018, corresponding to 5.9% of the total in Spain, with a density of 5.7 and 6.2 hives per km2 and per 100 inhabitants, respectively, very close to the Spanish average. Asturias had a total of 48,990 beehives in 2018, corresponding to 2.1% of the total in Spain, with a density of 4.6 and 4.8 hives per km2 and per 100 inhabitants respectively, values under the Spanish average. There is not a high presence of beehives in either community.
Some reasoning on the findings can be considered. The frequency of stings, and thus of subsequent allergic reactions, is dependent on geographic, environmental, and ecological factors [53]. As mentioned in the introduction, the Vespa velutina is an IAS first detected in the Iberian Peninsula in 2010 and its spread throughout Spain has been very rapid. Since its arrival in Spain, the species has subsequently expanded its range and was detected in the communities of Aragón, Asturias, Balearic Islands, Cantabria, Castilla y León, Castilla-La Mancha, Cataluña, Extremadura, Galicia, País Vasco, Navarra, and La Rioja.
In Galicia, the Vespa velutina was first seen in 2012, and since then has inhabited and spread throughout the Galician territory (29,574 km2) in ever-increasing numbers. Two nests were detected in 2012, 17 nests in 2013, 769 nests in 2014, 5022 nests in 2015, and 10,642 nests in 2016 [54]. Last year, in 2019, around 25,000 nests were detected and destroyed in Galicia. The extent of the situation is reflected in the number of calls received by emergency services “112 Galicia” related to Vespa velutina, with 4.607, 13.054, and 25.240 calls in 2015, 2016, and 2017, respectively [55]. A total of 42,901 calls related to Asian hornet incidents in the 3-year period (2015–2017), suggesting Galicia as a spot of extremely high exposure. In Asturias (10,604 km2), the Vespa velutina was first detected in 2015, and has increased its presence with a total of 488 nests in 2017, 1564 nests in 2018, and 5351 nests in 2019 [56].
One limitation of the present work is that cases involving hornets, wasps, or bees could not be separately identified, with data provided by death certificates. Statistics extracted from hospitals and poison centers are difficult to obtain, so it is very important to facilitate the sharing of this information [38]. In this context, the different news that appeared in the media should not be ignored, since they allow us to know insect-related incidents with precise details about the fatality. Between 2014 and 2018, I recorded eight fatalities in Galicia involving wasps and/or hornets, which appeared in the media. Most of them showed enough evidence to point to the Asian hornet as the cause of death. So far this year (2020), the national press, radio, and television have reported three deaths from insect stings in Galicia and one death in Asturias, pointing to the Asian hornet as the culprit. In Galicia: (i) in September, a 69-year-old man, working in the forest, was found lying on the ground two hours after leaving his house; the first hypothesis suggests that the death occurred as a consequence of an attack by an Asian hornet nest; (ii) in May, a 73-year-old man suffered a strong allergic reaction that ended his life, when he was harvesting seeds in the garden and received the attack of Vespa velutina nest embedded in a close-by fencing wall; and (iii) also in May, a 54-year-old man passed away after receiving a Vespa velutina sting while checking on an apiary near his house. An Asian hornet nest was settled inside one of the beehives. The deceased was accompanied at the time by another beekeeper. Emergency health services rushed to the scene, but there was nothing to be done to save his life. The victim was not allergic to honeybee venom. On previous occasions, he had suffered stings from common bees/wasps without significant effects; however, this time a single sting on the face was fatal in a few minutes. In Asturias, in July, a 40-year-old man died in Asturias, due to Vespa velutina stings. The tragic event occurred when he was mowing grass on his property, where a nest was found.
Over 100 examples of IAS that affect human health, sometimes with devastating effects on our livelihood, have been described and documented around the world [57]. In 2018, Galician doctors demanded adrenaline kits to be distributed in health centers to combat Vespa velutina stings, and the Galician Health Service (SERGAS) implemented a new and specific quick route of care for people who had a generalized reaction after being sting by a Hymenoptera [58]. Presently, this invasive species generated concern among Spanish allergologists on the Cantabrian coast and in Galicia. There is currently an increase in the number and severity of reactions in patients exposed to insect venom, mainly due to the invasive alien species Vespa velutina. Introduction of this new species has impacted the number of hymenoptera stings seen in clinical toxicology units. Seventy-seven percent of the patients seen who had systemic allergic reactions had been stung by the Asian hornet [59]. There might be a relevant number of unidentified venom allergy-related deaths as many fatal reactions following insect stings probably remain misinterpreted and undetected [60]. The true prevalence of mortality induced by contact with hornets, wasps, and bees may be underestimated [26,27].

5. Conclusions

The deaths resulting from contact with hornets, wasps, and bees (ICD-10 code X23) in Spain, both at the state and sub-state level (1999–2018), were examined. Over the 20-year period studied, a total of 78 fatalities were recorded and annual mortality rates varied from 0.02 to 0.19 per 1 million inhabitants, placing Spain at low levels compared to other countries. The majority of deaths occurred in males (85.9%), in the 65-or-over age group (52.6%), at “unspecified places” (67.9%), and in the months of July and August (50%). At the sub-state level, the X23 deaths were more highly concentrated in the communities of Galicia (35.8%), Andalucía (21.7%), and Castilla y Leon (12.8%), with 28, 17, and 10 victims, respectively. A more detailed and specific breakdown of the distribution of the deaths due to stinging insects by year and across communities reveals some striking findings. Galicia showed high X23MR values with 1.82 (in 2014), 1.10 (in 2016), and 2.22 (in 2018) per million inhabitants. X23MR were estimated in Asturias at 1.88 and 0.97 deaths per million people in 2014 and 2017, respectively. To the best of my knowledge, these are values never found before in the available literature. One limitation of the present work is that cases involving hornets, wasps, or bees could not be separately identified, with data provided by death certificates. In this context, the different news that appeared in the media should not be ignored, since they allow to raise awareness of insect-related incidents with precise details about the fatality. Between 2014 to 2018, I recopilated eight fatalities happened in Galicia which appeared in mass media and where wasps/hornets were always involved, showing enough evidence in most cases to signal the Asian hornet as the insect causing the death. So far this year (2020), three deaths in Galicia and one in Asturias have been reported by mass media. Given the scope of the effects of the Asian hornet, it has a definitely much wider impact than just for honeybees and their keepers. Due to its habits, abundance, and broader distribution, the risk that Vespa velutina poses to human health is unmatched by other native species. Although administration have minimized the consequences of stings on human health at the beginning of the invasion, the presence of the invasive species Vespa velutina, which has settled and spread widely in the north of Spain, deserves special attention and management by the authorities. The research conducted here is useful to health administrators and policy planners in prioritizing areas with high mortality due to Hymenoptera insects. In light of these findings, there is evidence to consider the Vespa velutina with high medical importance and consequences, and to abandon the notion that the invasive species poses no greater risk to human health than a bee. Insect-venom anaphylaxis remains a major challenge for clinicians. More research is needed to identify the source of this variation and its relationship to different possible explanations.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, data curation, writing—review and editing, X.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The present research project is currently crowdfunding through the following link: https://gf.me/u/zcf6yz.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Spanish National Statistical Institute (protocol code PB090/2020 date of approval 4th of june of 2020).

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study is available on request from the Spanish National Statistical Institute.

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Ana B. Trillo for his invaluable linguistic support. I thank Dave Jonez and Roberto Ritrovato for critically reading the manuscript. Thank you to Dani Slizt for inserting energy and encouragement into this research. Thank you to the donors of the crowdfunding campaign. I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude for your help in financing the present research.This paper is dedicated to Manuel Feás on the ocassion of his 80th birthday.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declare no conflict of interest. The degree of accuracy or reliability of the quantitative or qualitative information derived by own elaboration on the part of the author, is of the exclusive responsibility of this.

References

  1. Scudder, G.G.E. The importance of insects. In Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society; Foottit, R.G., Adler, P.H., Eds.; Wiley: Chichester, UK, 2017; pp. 9–43. [Google Scholar]
  2. Posey, D.A. Topics and issues in ethnoentomology with some suggestions for the development of hypothesis-generation and testing in ethnobiology. J. Ethnobiol. 1986, 6, 99–120. [Google Scholar]
  3. Pascoal, A.; Feás, X.; Dias, T.; Dias, L.G.; Estevinho, L.M. The role of honey and propolis in the treatment of infected wounds. In Microbiology for Surgical Infections: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment; Kon, K., Rai, M., Eds.; Academic Press: London, UK, 2014; pp. 221–234. [Google Scholar]
  4. Khalifa, S.A.M.; Elashal, M.; Kieliszek, M.; Ghazala, N.E.; Farag, M.A.; Saeed, A.; Xiao, J.; Zou, X.; Khatib, A.; Göransson, U.; et al. Recent insights into chemical and pharmacological studies of bee bread. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2020, 97, 300–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Estevinho, L.M.; Afonso, S.E.; Feás, X. Antifungal effect of lavender honey against Candida albicans, Candida krusei and Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2011, 48, 640–643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  6. Estevinho, L.M.; Rodrigues, S.; Pereira, A.P.; Feás, X. Portuguese bee pollen: Palynological study, nutritional and microbiological evaluation. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2012, 47, 429–435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Estevinho, L.M.; Feás, X.; Seijas, J.A.; Vázquez-Tato, M.P. Organic honey from Trás-Os-Montes region (Portugal): Chemical, palynological, microbiological and bioactive compounds characterization. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2012, 50, 258–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Iglesias, A.; Feás, X.; Rodrigues, S.; Seijas, J.A.; Vázquez-Tato, M.P.; Dias, L.G.; Estevinho, L.M. Comprehensive study of honey with protected denomination of origin and contribution to the enhancement of legal specifications. Molecules 2012, 17, 8561–8577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  9. Gomes, T.; Feás, X.; Iglesias, A.; Estevinho, L.M. Study of organic honey from the Northeast of Portugal. Molecules 2011, 16, 5374–5386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Feás, X.; Estevinho, L.M. A survey of the in vitro antifungal activity of heather (Erica sp.) organic honey. J. Med. Food 2011, 14, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  11. Feás, X.; Vázquez-Tato, M.P.; Estevinho, L.; Seijas, J.A.; Iglesias, A. Organic Bee Pollen: Botanical Origin, Nutritional Value, Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Activity and Microbiological Quality. Molecules 2012, 17, 8359–8377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Feás, X.; Iglesias, A.; Rodrigues, S.; Estevinho, L.M. Effect of Erica sp. Honey against Microorganisms of Clinical Importance: Study of the Factors Underlying this Biological Activity. Molecules 2013, 18, 4233–4246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  13. Feás, X.; Pacheco, L.; Iglesias, A.; Estevinho, L.M. Use of Propolis in the Sanitization of Lettuce. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 12243–12257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  14. Detoni, M.; Féas, X.; Jeanne, R.L.; Loope, K.J.; O’Donnell, S.; Santoro, D.; Sumner, S.; Jandt, J.M. Evolutionary and ecological pressures shaping social wasps collective defenses. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 2020, 113, 407–424. [Google Scholar]
  15. Catae, A.; Nocelli, R.; Roat, T.; Malaspina, O.; Palma, M. Convoluted and venom glands of different species of wasps. Rev. Ciência Tecnol. Ambiente 2017, 4, 62–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Hoffman, D.R. Venoms. In Encyclopedia of Immunology, 2nd ed.; Delves, P.J., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1998; pp. 2470–2473. [Google Scholar]
  17. Nittner-Marszalska, M.; Cichocka-Jarosz, E. Insect sting allergy in adults: Key messages for clinicians. Pol. Arch. Med. Wewn. 2015, 125, 929–937. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  18. Baumman, K. Evolution of the Venom System in Aculeate Hymenoptera. Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 2018. [Google Scholar]
  19. Komi, D.E.A.; Shafaghat, F.; Zwiener, R.D. Immunology of bee venom. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 2018, 54, 386–396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  20. Van Halteren, H.K.; van der Linden, P.W.; Burgers, S.A.; Bartelink, A.K. Hymenoptera sting challenge of 348 patients: Relation to subsequent field stings. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1996, 97, 1058–1063. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Sahiner, U.M.; Durham, S.R. Hymenoptera Venom Allergy: How Does Venom Immunotherapy Prevent Anaphylaxis From Bee and Wasp Stings? Front. Immunol. 2019, 10, 1959. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD). Available online: http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/ (accessed on 11 May 2020).
  23. Bilò, M.B.; Bonifazi, F. The natural history and epidemiology of insect venom allergy: Clinical implications. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2009, 39, 1467–1476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Official statement of the Hymenoptera Allergy Committee of the Spanish Society of Allergology and Clinical Immunology on the Information about the “Asian Hornet” (Vespa velutina). Available online: https://www.seaic.org/inicio/noticias-general/avispa-asiatica.html (accessed on 12 May 2020).
  25. Navarro, L.A.; Peláez, A. Epidemiología de las muertes por picaduras de insectos himenópteros en España. Rev. Esp. Alergol. Inmunol. Clin. 1998, 13, 294–295. [Google Scholar]
  26. Álvarez, J.M.B. Alergia a venenos naturales (Himenópteros). Med. Programa Form. Médica Contin. Acreditado 2001, 8, 1907–1913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Charpin, D.; Birnbaum, J.; Vervloet, D. Epidemiology of hymenoptera allergy. Clin. Exp. Allergy 1994, 24, 1010–1015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Michener, C.D. The Bees of the World, 2nd ed.; John Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, MD, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
  29. Sánchez, J.O.; Martín, L.O.A.; Gallego, C.O. Diversidad de abejas en España, tendencia de las poblaciones y medidas para su conservación (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Anthophila). Ecosistemas 2011, 27, 3–8. [Google Scholar]
  30. Castro, L.; Sanza, F. Aportación al conocimiento de los Vespidae (Hymenoptera) de Sierra Nevada (España), con algunos comentarios taxonómicos. Bol. SEA 2009, 45, 259–278. [Google Scholar]
  31. Castro, L.; Pagola-Carte, S. Vespa velutina Lepeletier, 1836 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), recolectada en la Península Ibérica. Heteropterus Rev. Entomol. 2010, 10, 193–196. [Google Scholar]
  32. Castro, L. Una nueva introducción accidental en el género Vespa Linnaeus, 1758: Vespa bicolor Fabricius, 1787 en la provincia de Málaga (España). Revta. Gad. Entom. 2019, 10, 47–56. [Google Scholar]
  33. Hernández, R.; García-Gans, F.J.; Selfa, J.; Rueda, J. Primera cita de la avispa oriental invasora Vespa orientalis Linnaeus 1771 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) en la Península Ibérica. Bol. SEA 2013, 52, 299–300. [Google Scholar]
  34. Health Effects of the Asian Hornet (Vespa velutina). Quincenal Sheet of Epidemiological Information of Galicia. (Vol. 5, num. 6, 23 March 2016). Available online: https://www.sergas.es/Saude-publica/Documents/3680/venres_epidemioloxico_vol5_n6_20160325.pdf (accessed on 12 May 2020).
  35. De Haro, L.; Labadie, M.; Chanseau, P.; Cabot, C.; Blanc-Brisset, I.; Penouil, F. Medical consequences of the Asian black hornet (Vespa velutina) invasion in Southwestern France. Toxicon 2010, 55, 650–652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Xie, C.; Xu, S.; Ding, F.; Xie, M.; Lv, J.; Yao, J.; Pan, D.; Sun, Q.; Liu, C.; Chen, T.; et al. Clinical features of severe wasp sting patients with dominantly toxic reaction: Analysis of 1091 cases. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e83164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Choi, M.B.; Kim, T.G.; Kwon, O. Recent Trends in Wasp Nest Removal and Hymenoptera Stings in South Korea. J. Med. Entomol. 2018, 56, 254–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Herrera, C.; Leza, M.; Martínez-López, E. Diversity of compounds in Vespa spp. venom and the epidemiology of its sting: A global appraisal. Arch. Toxicol. 2020, 94, 3609–3627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Salvati, L.; Vitiello, G.; Parronchi, P. Gender differences in anaphylaxis. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2019, 19, 417–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  40. Nittner-Marszalska, M.; Liebhart, J.; Dor-Wojnarowska, A. Sex-related clinical aspects in insect venom anaphylaxis. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 2015, 28, 187–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  41. Antonicelli, L.; Bilò, M.B.; Bonifazi, F. Epidemiology of Hymenoptera allergy. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2002, 2, 341–346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Prado, M.; Quirós, D.; Lomonte, B. Mortality due to Hymenoptera stings in Costa Rica, 1985–2006. Rev. Panam. Salud Publica 2009, 25, 389–393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  43. Golden, D.B.; Kagey-Sobotka, A.; Norman, P.S.; Hamilton, R.G.; Lichtenstein, L.M. Outcomes of allergy to insect stings in children, with and without venom immunotherapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, 12, 668–674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  44. Somerville, R.; Till, D.; Leclerq, M.; Lecomte, J. Les morts par piqiire d’hymenopteres aculeates en Angleterre et au pays de Galles (statistique pour la periode 1959–1971). Rev. Med. Liege 1975, 30, 76–78. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  45. Parrish, H.M. Analysis of 460 fatalities from venomous animals in the United States. Am. J. Med. Sci. 1963, 245, 129–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  46. Nall, T.M. Analysis of 677 death certificates and 168 autopsies of stinging insect deaths. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1985, 75, 207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Langley, R.L. Animal related fatalities in the United States—An update. Wildern Environ. Med. 2005, 16, 67–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Przybilla, B.; Ring, J. Diagnostik und therapie der Allergic vom Sofort-Typ gegenuber Bienen-und Wespengift. Allergologie 1985, 8, 31–39. [Google Scholar]
  49. Mosbech, H. Death caused by wasp and bee stings in Denmark 1960–1980. Allergy 1983, 38, 195–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  50. Muller, U. Prophylaxe und Therapie der Insektenstichallergic. Pharma Klin. 1985, 7, 25–28. [Google Scholar]
  51. Johansson, B.; Eriksson, A.; Ornehult, L. Human fatalities caused by wasp and bee stings in Sweden. Int. J. Legal Med. 1991, 104, 99–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  52. El sector Apícola en Cifras: Principales Indicadores Económicos. Subdirección General de Producciones Ganaderas y Cinegéticas, Dirección General de Producciones y Mercados Agrarios. Catálogo de Publicaciones de la Administración General del Estado. Available online: https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ganaderia/temas/produccion-y-mercados-ganaderos/indicadoreseconomicossectordelamiel2019_tcm30-419675.pdf (accessed on 23 October 2020).
  53. Schiener, M.; Graessel, A.; Ollert, M.; Schmidt-Weber, C.B.; Blank, S. Allergen-specific immunotherapy of Hymenoptera venom allergy—Also a matter of diagnosis. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 2017, 13, 2467–2481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  54. Feás, X. Vespa Velutina Spreading from 2 Nests to 10′642 in Just 4 Years in Northern Spain. 2017. Available online: https://www.vespavelutina.co.uk/vespavelutinanews/asian-hornet-spreading-from-2-nests-to-10642-in-just-4-years-in-northern-spain (accessed on 25 April 2020).
  55. Menor, L. Head of Area of Integrated Emergency Care Center from Galician Emergency Department. Personal communication, 9 May 2018. [Google Scholar]
  56. Álvarez, E. (Centro de alerta y control de plagas y especies invasoras de la Sociedad de Servicios del Principado de Asturias, S.A. (SERPA)). Personal communication, 9 November 2020. [Google Scholar]
  57. Mazza, G.; Tricarico, E.; Genovesi, P.; Gherardi, F. Biological invaders are threats to human health: An overview. Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 2014, 26, 112–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. de Galicia, X.; Galician Health Service (SERGAS). Vías Rápida Para el Manejo de la Anafilaxia por Veneno de Himenópteros en Adultos. Available online: https://www.sergas.es/Asistencia-sanitaria/Documents/1017/Via_rapida_anafilaxia_himenopteros_castellano.pdf (accessed on 25 April 2020).
  59. Vidal, C.; Armisén, M.; Monsalve, R.; González-Vidal, T.; Lojo, S.; López-Freire, S.; Méndez, P.; Rodríguez, V.; Romero, L.; Galán, A.; et al. Anaphylaxis to Vespa velutina nigrithorax: Pattern of sensitization for an emerging problem in Western countries. J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol. 2020, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  60. Hoffman, D.R. Fatal reactions to hymenoptera stings. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2003, 24, 123–127. [Google Scholar]
Biology 10 00073 g001 550
Figure 1. Annual number of deaths due to hornet, wasp, and bee stings in Spain (1999–2018) according to gender of victims (male in black and female in grey).
Figure 1. Annual number of deaths due to hornet, wasp, and bee stings in Spain (1999–2018) according to gender of victims (male in black and female in grey).
Biology 10 00073 g001
Biology 10 00073 g002 550
Figure 2. Annual mortality rates per million inhabitants due to hornet, wasp, and bee stings in Spain, 1999–2018.
Figure 2. Annual mortality rates per million inhabitants due to hornet, wasp, and bee stings in Spain, 1999–2018.
Biology 10 00073 g002
Biology 10 00073 g003 550
Figure 3. Fatalities due to hornet, wasp, and bee stings by month in Spain, 1999–2018.
Figure 3. Fatalities due to hornet, wasp, and bee stings by month in Spain, 1999–2018.
Biology 10 00073 g003
Biology 10 00073 g004 550
Figure 4. Distribution of fatalities caused by hornet, wasp, and bee stings in Spain at the sub-state level, 1999–2018.
Figure 4. Distribution of fatalities caused by hornet, wasp, and bee stings in Spain at the sub-state level, 1999–2018.
Biology 10 00073 g004
Table
Table 1. Number of deaths due to hornet, wasp, and bee stings according to place and age in Spain, 1999–2018.
Table 1. Number of deaths due to hornet, wasp, and bee stings according to place and age in Spain, 1999–2018.
VariableDescriptionn%
Place of occurrenceHome67.6
Residential institution--
School, other institution and public administrative area11.2
Sports and athletics --
Street and highway45.1
Trade and services--
Industry and construction --
Farm78.9
Other specified places78.9
Unspecified place5367.9
AgeChildren (≤14 years)--
Youth (15–24 years)--
Adults (25–64 years)3747.4
Seniors (≥65 years)4152.6
Table
Table 2. Annual mortality rates due to hornet, wasp, and bee sting in Spain, at the sub-state level, 1999–2018.
Table 2. Annual mortality rates due to hornet, wasp, and bee sting in Spain, at the sub-state level, 1999–2018.
Community199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720181999–2018
Andalucía0.14 -0.410.40-0.13-0.13---0.12-0.120.120.120.12-0.240.120.11
Aragón----0.81---------------0.04
Asturias---------------1.88--0.97-0.14
Balearic Islands----------0.91--------0.890.09
Canary Islands---------------------
Cantabria---------------------
Castilla y León0.800.40-0.400.40--0.400.40-0.78---0.40-----0.20
Castilla-La Mancha-----------0.480.95------0.490.10
Cataluña-----0.15--------------0.01
Valencia-0.24-0.23--0.43----------0.20--0.06
Extremadura-0.940.93-0.93---------------0.14
Galicia----0.73-0.72--0.360.36-0.720.72-1.820.731.100.742.220.51
Madrid-------0.17------------0.01
Murcia----------0.69---------0.03
Navarra---------------------
País Vasco----------0.46---------0.02
La Rioja---------------------
City of Ceuta---------------------
City of Melilla---------------------
Table
Table 3. Mortality rates due to hornet, wasp, and bee sting reported in literature for different countries. The X23MR are expressed as fatalities per year and per 1,000,000 inhabitants.
Table 3. Mortality rates due to hornet, wasp, and bee sting reported in literature for different countries. The X23MR are expressed as fatalities per year and per 1,000,000 inhabitants.
CountryTime PeriodYears of StudyX23MRReference
England and Wales1959–1971130.09Somerville et al. (1975) [44]
USA1950–1959100.14Parrish (1963) [45]
USA1962–1982210.16Nall (1985) [46]
USA1991–2001110.18Langley (2005) [47]
Germany1979–198350.18Przybilla and Ring (1985) [48]
Denmark1960–1980210.25Mosbech (1983) [49]
France1981–1991120.43Charpin et al. (1994) [27]
Switzerland1961–196330.45Muller (1985) [50]
Costa Rica1985–2006220.74Prado et al. (2009) [42]
Sweden1975–1984100.2Johansson et al. (1991) [51]
Spain1999–2018200.09Feás (2021) [present work]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Feás, X. Human Fatalities Caused by Hornet, Wasp and Bee Stings in Spain: Epidemiology at State and Sub-State Level from 1999 to 2018. Biology 2021, 10, 73. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology10020073

AMA Style

Feás X. Human Fatalities Caused by Hornet, Wasp and Bee Stings in Spain: Epidemiology at State and Sub-State Level from 1999 to 2018. Biology. 2021; 10(2):73. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology10020073

Chicago/Turabian Style

Feás, Xesús. 2021. "Human Fatalities Caused by Hornet, Wasp and Bee Stings in Spain: Epidemiology at State and Sub-State Level from 1999 to 2018" Biology 10, no. 2: 73. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology10020073

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop