Ameliorating Drought Effects in Wheat Using an Exclusive or Co-Applied Rhizobacteria and ZnO Nanoparticles
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Layout and Crop Husbandry
2.2. Drought Imposition
2.3. PGPR and Nanoparticles Application
2.4. Data Recording and Related Procedures
2.4.1. Growth and Yield Parameters
2.4.2. Wheat Physiological Characteristics
2.4.3. Quality Parameters
2.4.4. Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants Activity Assays
2.5. Data Processing Software Usage for Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth and Yield Characters
3.2. Plant Morphological and Grain Quality
3.3. Physiological Characteristics
3.4. Nutrients Uptake Attributions
3.5. Biochemical Characteristics
3.6. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experimental Factorization | Growth Promoting Characters Under Field Trial | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drought Levels | Treatments | PT | Int.L | PH | SL | NSPS |
D1 = no drought/control | T1 | 356.0 ± 2.3 c | 9.4 ± 0.1 d | 88.2 ± 1.1 g | 12.3 ± 1.5 c | 20.1 ± 1.0 cd |
T2 | 360.0 ± 1.5 ab | 9.6 ± 0.1 b | 90.1 ± 0.7 c | 13.2 ± 0.6 bc | 21.5 ± 0.5 ab | |
T3 | 358.0 ± 1.3 bc | 9.5 ± 0.1 c | 89.1 ± 1.2 f | 13.0 ± 2.1 bc | 21.0 ± 0.6 bc | |
T4 | 362.0 ± 3.5 a | 9.7 ± 0.1 a | 92.4 ± 2.7 a | 14.7 ± 0.6 a | 22.5 ± 0.6 a | |
D2 = DTS | T1 | 272.0 ± 1.8 j | 8.4 ± 2.5 j | 83.1 ± 1.8 l | 8.2 ± 0.3 e | 17.3 ± 2.5 g |
T2 | 292.0 ± 2.0 f | 8.6 ± 0.1 h | 86.0 ± 1.6 j | 9.1 ± 1.0 e | 18.3 ± 2.2 fg | |
T3 | 285.0 ± 1.4 g | 8.3 ± 2.0 k | 84.0 ± 1.2 k | 8.9 ± 0.19 e | 18.1 ± 1.0 fg | |
T4 | 314.0 ± 2.0 d | 8.7 ± 0.1 g | 87.1 ± 1.2 i | 10.4 ± 2.2 d | 18.7 ± 2.3 ef | |
D3 = DGS | T1 | 278.0 ± 2.6 i | 8.5 ± 1.4 i | 88.0 ± 2.5 h | 10.4 ± 3.1 d | 15.6 ± 0.6 h |
T2 | 282.0 ± 2.0 gh | 8.8 ± 0.1 f | 90.0 ± 2.7 d | 11.0 ± 7.1 d | 18.7 ± 2.1 ef | |
T3 | 280.0 ± 1.6 hi | 8.8 ± 1.7 g | 89.2 ± 2.0 e | 10.9 ± 1.0 d | 18.0 ± 3.2 fg | |
T4 | 306.0 ± 1.0 e | 9.2 ± 0.1 e | 92.2 ± 3.7 b | 13.7 ± 4.0 ab | 19.6 ± 1.6 de |
Experimental Factorization | Yield Promoting Characters Under Field Trial | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drought Levels | Treatments | NGS | 1000 Gwt. | GY | SY | HI |
D1 = no drought/control | T1 | 40.1 ± 1.8 d | 39.0 ± 1.0 cd | 4.6 ± 1.2 d | 7.9 ± 0.6 d | 36.9 ± 1.5 d |
T2 | 42.0 ± 1.0 b | 40.0 ± 0.0 ab | 4.9 ± 0.9 b | 8.7 ± 0.2 b | 36.3 ± 1.0 e | |
T3 | 41.0 ± 1.0 c | 39.5 ± 0.8 bc | 4.7 ± 0.1 c | 8.5 ± 2.0 c | 35.7 ± 1.1 g | |
T4 | 43.0 ± 1.2 a | 40.5 ± 2.2 a | 5.2 ± 0.1 a | 9.3 ± 2.3 a | 36.0 ± 1.0 fg | |
D2 = DTS | T1 | 37.0 ± 1.7 g | 36.1 ± 1.2 g | 4.1 ± 0.1 h | 5.2 ± 2.0 l | 44.6 ± 1.4 a |
T2 | 39.0 ± 1.4 e | 38.0 ± 1.0 e | 4.3 ± 1.6 g | 7.7 ± 1.7 f | 36.0 ± 1.0 ef | |
T3 | 38.2 ± 2.4 f | 37.0 ± 1.0 f | 4.4 ± 2.2 f | 6.8 ± 1.3 j | 39.4 ± 1.1 b | |
T4 | 41.0 ± 0.8 cd | 38.5 ± 0.1 de | 4.6 ± 1.2 e | 7.7 ± 0.6 e | 37.3 ± 1.0 c | |
D3 = DGS | T1 | 32.0 ± 2.0 i | 23.6 ± 2.5 k | 2.6 ± 0.9 l | 6.0 ± 1.2 k | 30.3 ± 1.3 i |
T2 | 35.4 ± 1.3 h | 27.8 ± 1.7 i | 3.0 ± 0.1 j | 7.2 ± 1.0 h | 29.0 ± 2.1 j | |
T3 | 35.0 ± 0.9 h | 26.2 ± 0.3 j | 2.8 ± 1.0 k | 7.1 ± 0.3 i | 28.7 ± 1.2 k | |
T4 | 38.7 ± 1.1 ef | 29.8 ± 1.0 h | 3.6 ± 1.2 i | 7.4 ± 2.1 g | 28.7 ± 1.1 k |
Experimental Factorization | Morphological and Grain Quality Traits Under Field Trial | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drought Levels | Treatments | NS−1 | NFT | SpWt. | Gprot. | Gzn |
D1 = no drought/control | T1 | 3.3 ± 0.1 cd | 10.0 ± 1.3 de | 2.0 ± 0.1 d | 9.3 ± 0.1 l | 12.0 ± 0.1 i |
T2 | 4.0 ± 0.1 ab | 7.0 ± 2.1 fg | 2.1 ± 1.0 b | 11.2 ± 0.1 e | 16.7 ± 0.1 d | |
T3 | 3.9 ± 0.2 ab | 8.0 ± 1.2 ef | 2.1 ± 0.2 c | 10.3 ± 0.8 j | 14.5 ± 0.1 e | |
T4 | 4.3 ± 0.1 a | 5.0 ± 1.2 g | 2.3 ± 0.1 a | 12.2 ± 0.1 a | 18.3 ± 0.2 b | |
D2 = DTS | T1 | 2.3 ± 0.9 f | 22.0 ± 0.9 a | 1.5 ± 0.1 h | 10.0 ± 0.1 k | 11.0 ± 0.1 k |
T2 | 2.6 ± 0.3 ef | 14.0 ± 2.2 bc | 1.7 ± 0.1 f | 10.8 ± 0.1 h | 12.4 ± 0.2 h | |
T3 | 2.6 ± 0.1 ef | 16.0 ± 2.0 b | 1.6 ± 1.4 g | 10.7 ± 0.3 i | 11.6 ± 0.9 j | |
T4 | 3.3 ± 0.1 cd | 12.0 ± 1.3 cd | 1.8 ± 0.2 e | 10.8 ± 0.1 g | 16.9 ± 0.1 c | |
D3 = DGS | T1 | 3.0 ± 1.2 de | 11.0 ± 1.4 d | 1.0 ± 0.1 l | 11.0 ± 0.5 f | 9.0 ± 1.1 l |
T2 | 3.8 ± 0.1 abc | 12.0 ± 1.2 cd | 1.1 ± 0.1 j | 11.9 ± 0.1 c | 13.6 ± 0.2 g | |
T3 | 3.6 ± 0.1 bc | 11.0 ± 1.3 d | 1.0 ± 0.1 k | 11.4 ± 0.1 d | 14.3 ± 0.9 f | |
T4 | 4.0 ± 0.1 ab | 11.0 ± 1.7 d | 1.2 ± 0.1 i | 12.1 ± 0.2 b | 19.5 ± 0.1 a |
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Muhammad, F.; Raza, M.A.S.; Iqbal, R.; Zulfiqar, F.; Aslam, M.U.; Yong, J.W.H.; Altaf, M.A.; Zulfiqar, B.; Amin, J.; Ibrahim, M.A. Ameliorating Drought Effects in Wheat Using an Exclusive or Co-Applied Rhizobacteria and ZnO Nanoparticles. Biology 2022, 11, 1564. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11111564
Muhammad F, Raza MAS, Iqbal R, Zulfiqar F, Aslam MU, Yong JWH, Altaf MA, Zulfiqar B, Amin J, Ibrahim MA. Ameliorating Drought Effects in Wheat Using an Exclusive or Co-Applied Rhizobacteria and ZnO Nanoparticles. Biology. 2022; 11(11):1564. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11111564
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad, Faqeer, Muhammad Aown Sammar Raza, Rashid Iqbal, Faisal Zulfiqar, Muhammad Usman Aslam, Jean Wan Hong Yong, Muhammad Ahsan Altaf, Bilal Zulfiqar, Jawad Amin, and Muhammad Arif Ibrahim. 2022. "Ameliorating Drought Effects in Wheat Using an Exclusive or Co-Applied Rhizobacteria and ZnO Nanoparticles" Biology 11, no. 11: 1564. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11111564