Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for High-Risk Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Selected Studies
2.2. Target Volume and Prescription Dose
2.2.1. Studies with Pelvic Lymph Node Irradiation
2.2.2. Studies without Pelvic Lymph Node Irradiation
2.3. Acute and Late Toxicity Rates
2.3.1. Studies with Pelvic Lymph Node Irradiation
2.3.2. Studies without Pelvic Lymph Node Irradiation
2.4. Androgen Deprivation Therapy
2.4.1. Studies with Pelvic Lymph Node Irradiation
2.4.2. Studies without Pelvic Lymph Node Irradiation
2.5. Biochemical Control
2.5.1. Studies with Pelvic Lymph Node Irradiation
2.5.2. Studies without Pelvic Lymph Node Irradiation
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Search and Selection Process
4.2. Data Extraction Process
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Trial | Year of Publication | Type of Trial | Years Recruited | Radiotherapy (RT) Technique | Risk Classification | Number of High-Risk (HR) Patients | Prescription Dose | Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) Use in HR Patients |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kang JK et al. [34] | 2011 | Retrospective | 2002–2007 | CyberKnife (CK) | D’Amico | 29 | 4 × 8–9 Gy | 100% (≥24 months, 2 months neoadjuvant) |
Oliai C et al. [42] | 2012 | Retrospective | 2007–2010 | CK | D’Amico | 12 | 5 × 7–7.5 Gy | 31% (<6–24 months) |
King CR et al. [29] | 2013 | Phase II (pooled data) | 2003–2011 | CK | D’Amico | 121 | 5 × 7.25 Gy (median) | 38% 4 months (median) |
Bolzicco G et al. [30] | 2013 | Prospective database | 2006–2012 | CK | National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) | 17 | 5 × 7 Gy | N/A |
Chen LN et al. [41] | 2013 | Prospective database | 2008–2010 | CK | D’Amico | 8 | 5 × 7–7.25 Gy | 11% (3 weeks–36 months) |
Tree AC et al. [56] | 2014 | Prospective database | 2010–2013 | CK | NCCN | 6 | 5 × 7.25 Gy | N/A |
Lee SW et al. [48] | 2014 | Retrospective | 2006–2012 | CK | NCCN | 13 | 5 × 7.2 Gy | N/A |
Janowski E et al. [47] | 2014 | Prospective database | 2008–2011 | CK | D’Amico | 9 | 5 × 7–7.25 Gy | 33.3% |
Davis J et al. [35] | 2015 | Retrospective | 2006–2015 | CK Linear accelerator (Linac) | NCCN | 33 | 5 × 7.25 Gy (87%) | 45.5% |
Rana Z et al. [50] | 2015 | Retrospective | 2008–2014 | CK | D’Amico | 8 | 5 × 7.25 Gy (median) | N/A |
FASTR Baumann G et al. [28] | 2015 | Phase I/II | 2011–2017 | Linac | NCCN | 16 | 5 × 8 Gy (prostate) and 5 × 5 Gy (pelvic elective nodal irradiation (ENI)) | 100% (12 months) |
Fan CY et al. [49] | 2015 | Retrospective | 2010–2013 | CK | NCCN | 16 | 5 × 7.5 Gy | 81% (6–24 months, neoadjuvant) |
Dixit A et al. [55] | 2016 | Prospective database | 2014–2015 | CK | D’Amico | 6 | 5 × 7.25 Gy | 50% (3–6 months) |
Kotecha R et al. [45] | 2016 | Prospective database | 2011–2014 | Linac | NCCN | 13 | 5 × 7.25/10 Gy (simultaneous-integrated boost (SIB)) | No |
Ricco A et al. [36] | 2016 | Retrospective | 2007–2012 | CK | NCCN | 32 | 5 × 7–7.25 Gy | N/A |
Katz A et al. [57] | 2016 | Prospective database | 2006–2010 | CK | NCCN | 38 | 5 × 7–7.25 Gy | 55.3% (6 months, neoadjuvant) |
Koskela K et al. [39] | 2017 | Retrospective | 2012–2015 | CK | D’Amico | 111 | 5 × 7–7.25 Gy | 88.3% (48% for ≥2 years) |
Murthy V et al. [31] | 2018 | Prospective database | 2014–2017 | Tomotherapy Linac | NCCN | 68 | 5 × 7–7.45 Gy (prostate) and 5 × 5 Gy (cN1) | 100% (≥2 years) |
SATURN Alayed Y et al. [26] Musunuru HB et al. [38] | 2018/2019 | Phase I/II | 2013–2014 | Linac | NCCN | 30 | 5 × 8 Gy (prostate) and 5 × 5 Gy (pelvic ENI) | 100% (12–18 months) |
HYPO-RT-PC Widmark A et al. [23] | 2019 | Phase III | 2005–2015 | Linac | NCCN | 62 | 7 × 6.1 Gy | No |
FASTR-2 Callan L et al. [27] | 2019 | Phase I/II | 2015–2017 | Linac | NCCN | 28 | 5 × 7 Gy | 100% (18 months, 2 months neoadjuvant) |
pHART8 Alayed Y et al. [26] | 2019 | Phase I/II | 2011–2013 | Linac | NCCN | 30 | 5 × 6/8 Gy (SIB) | 100% (12–18 months) |
Zilli T et al. [58] | 2020 | Phase II | 2012–2015 | Linac | NCCN | 29 | 5 × 7.25 Gy | 100% (6 months, 2 months neoadjuvant) |
Parameters | FASTR [28] | SATURN [38] | Murthy et al. 2018 [31] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary clinical target volume (CTV) | Prostate + 1 cm seminal vesicles (SV) | Prostate | Prostate + entire SV | |
Primary CTV to planning target volume (PTV) | 5 mm | 3 mm | 5 mm (3 mm posteriorly) | |
Dose to prostate | 40 Gy to PTV | 40 Gy to CTV 33.25 Gy to PTV | 35 Gy–37.5 Gy to PTV | |
Pelvic lymph node irradiation | 25 Gy to PTV | 25 Gy to CTV 23.75 Gy to PTV | 25 Gy to PTV | |
Fractionation | Once weekly | Once weekly | Thrice weekly | |
Image guidance | Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) | CBCT + fiducials | CBCT | |
Bladder dose constraints | V35 < 30% V29 < 50% | V35 < 5% V32 < 10% | V35 < 3% V17.5 < 20% | |
Rectum dose constraints | V35 < 20% V27 < 50% | V35 < 5% V32 < 10% | V35 < 3% V31.5 < 8% V28 < 15% V17.5 < 40% | |
Small bowel dose constraints | V25 < 190 cc V27.5 < 2 cc | V25 < 20 cc V30 < 2 cc | V28 < 80 cc | |
Median Follow-up | 6 months | 24 months | 18 months | |
Grade 2+ acute gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity | 0.0% | 3.3% | 4.0% | |
Grade 2+ acute genitourinary (GU) toxicity | 25% | 46.7% | 12.0% | |
Grade 2+ late GI toxicity | 50.1% | 32.0% | 4.0% | |
Grade 2+ late GU toxicity | 37.5% | 60.0% | 7.0% |
Studies | ~1 year | ~2 years | ~3 years | ~4 years | 5 years | 7 years |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kang JK et al., 2011 [34] | - | - | 91% | - | - | - |
King CR et al., 2013 [29] | - | - | - | - | 81% | - |
Bolzicco G et al., 2013 [30] | - | - | 94% | - | - | - |
Tree AC et al., 2014 [56] | 100% | - | - | - | - | - |
Davis J et al., 2015 [35] | - | 82% | - | - | - | - |
Rana Z et al., 2015 [50] | - | - | 100% | - | - | - |
Fan CY et al., 2015 [49] | - | - | 56% | - | - | - |
Ricco A et al., 2016 [36] | - | - | - | 88% | - | - |
Kotecha R et al., 2016 [45] | - | 85% | - | - | - | - |
Katz A et al., 2016 [57] | - | - | - | - | - | 71% |
Koskela K et al., 2017 [39] | - | 93% | - | - | - | - |
Murthy V et al., 2018 [31] | - | 94% | - | - | - | - |
SATURN (2018/2019) [38] | - | 100% | - | - | - | - |
FASTR-2 (2019) [27] | 100% | - | - | - | - | - |
pHART 8 (2019) [26] | - | 97% | - | - | 85% | - |
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Foerster, R.; Zwahlen, D.R.; Buchali, A.; Tang, H.; Schroeder, C.; Windisch, P.; Vu, E.; Akbaba, S.; Bostel, T.; Sprave, T.; et al. Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for High-Risk Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review. Cancers 2021, 13, 759. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cancers13040759
Foerster R, Zwahlen DR, Buchali A, Tang H, Schroeder C, Windisch P, Vu E, Akbaba S, Bostel T, Sprave T, et al. Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for High-Risk Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review. Cancers. 2021; 13(4):759. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cancers13040759
Chicago/Turabian StyleFoerster, Robert, Daniel Rudolf Zwahlen, Andre Buchali, Hongjian Tang, Christina Schroeder, Paul Windisch, Erwin Vu, Sati Akbaba, Tilman Bostel, Tanja Sprave, and et al. 2021. "Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for High-Risk Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review" Cancers 13, no. 4: 759. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cancers13040759