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Article

ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 Zeolite Composites for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline

by
Yong Cheng
*,
Xiuxiu Wang
,
Yu Mei
,
Dan Wang
and
Changchun Ji
The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Catalysts 2021, 11(8), 934; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal11080934
Submission received: 13 May 2021 / Revised: 12 July 2021 / Accepted: 20 July 2021 / Published: 30 July 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Zeolite Catalysts)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Considering the photocatalytic performance of CDs, ZnO, and the unique porous nanostructure and stability of ZIF-8, we prepared ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 zeolite composites. The resultant material represented an enhanced ability for the photodegradation of TC compared with that of ZnCDs and ZnO. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency reached over 85%. The catalytic activity of the composites was maintained after four cycles. The experimental result indicated that ⋅O2 radical was the active species in the reaction.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Tetracycline (TC) is widely used as a broad-spectrum antibiotic for treating a wide range of diseases, such as mycoplasmal pneumonia, hydatoncus, and the diagnosis of malignant tumor epidemic typhus [1,2]. However, as with other antibiotics, tetracycline can be only partially metabolized or absorbed by humans and animals and its residue ends up in wastewater [3]. Tetracycline residue in hydrosphere inevitably brings underlying hazard to human health. Consequently, the removal of TC from aqueous solutions is a crucial and significant goal. So far, researchers have explored various methods such as adsorption [4], biodegradation [5,6], and electrochemical [7] to combat pollution by antibiotics. However, most methods have been restricted owing to lack of efficiency, costliness, or sophisticated instrumentation. Photocatalytic technology has gained attention for the degradation of TC owing to its high efficiency, low cost, and environmentally friendly properties [8,9,10].
MOF-based composites have attracted much attention in recent years for their potential uses in adsorption [11], photocatalysis [12,13], fluorescence sensing [14], etc. Among of them, zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8), which is comprised of zinc and 2-methyl imidazole (2-mIm), is considered a highly appropriate host matrix to form composites owing to its exceptional chemical and thermal stability and relatively large cavities (11.6~3.8 Å) [15,16]. Various materials have been successfully combined with ZIF-8 and have acquired a synergistic effect [17,18,19,20]. For example, ZnO is a semiconductor and has been widely used as a photocatalyst, but it remains challenging to capture the target molecules for enhanced photocatalysis. It has been found that higher photocatalytic ability and photochemical activities were achieved as ZnO hybridized with ZIF-8 [21,22,23]. Nevertheless, the charge conductivity of ZnO@ZIF-8 is still unsatisfactory, which limits the improvement of photocatalytic capacity further.
Carbon dots (CDs)-based materials have been studied as a new generation of photocatalytic composites owing to the tunable photoluminescence and high efficiency light capturing capability [24,25,26]. For example, CDs@TiO2 absorbs more visible light compared to bare TiO2, which helps to increase the catalytic efficiency [27]. CDs@ZnO produced a newly formed conduction band, which contributes to an increased level of electron migration to the valence band and thereby enhances their photocatalytic activity [28,29]. It is proposed that CDs can modulate the band structure of semiconductors and improve the optical properties and impart novel functionalities to the as-synthesized composites. So, it is anticipated that higher photocatalysis should be achieved by incorporating CDs into ZnO@ZIF-8.
Herein, we prepared a ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 zeolite composite, in which ZnCDs/ZnO heterojunction was encapsulated by ZIF-8 crystal and formed a core–shell structure. It indicated that the resulting hybrid material exhibits excellent photocatalytic performance for the degradation of tetracycline. The photocatalytic efficiency reached over 85% after four cycles. The possible reaction mechanism was investigated using the radical scavenger technique. It is hoped that this work could pave the way for developing more photocatalytic zeolite composites.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8

The synthesis procedure of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 composites is shown in Scheme 1. The mixture of zinc nitrate hexahydrate, folic acid, and DMF was heated at 190 °C, and then cooled down. The product was separated into two parts: the solution was dialyzed and dried to obtain ZnCDs; the residual precipitate was calcined to form ZnO nanosphere, which was used as template for the preparation of ZnCDs/ZnO heterostructures. Finally, 2-methylimidazole was coordinated with zinc ions in the suspension of ZnCDs/ZnO to form the ZIF-8 crystal, which wrapped around ZnCDs/ZnO heterojunction nanosphere.

2.2. Characterization of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8

SEM imaging indicates that the morphology of ZnCDs/ZnO heterojunction was spherical in shape with a uniform size about 500 nm (Figure 1a). The ZnCDs/ZnO nanosphere was rough owing to aggregation of nanoparticles. Further observation from Figure 1b shows that many polyhedrons of ZIF-8 (~50 nm) appeared on the surface of ZnCDs/ZnO. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was performed on the as-prepared composites which determined the elemental composition to comprise Zn (26.35), N (3.07), O (34.80), C (35.78) wt.%.
TEM analysis of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 composites suggests a core–shell nanosphere, where the inner core is ZnCDs/ZnO heterojunction (Figure 1c) and the outer shell is ZIF-8 crystal (Figure 1d). Figure 2a–d are the elemental mapping diagrams of Zn, O, C, and N in ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 composites, respectively. It can be seen from the figures that these elements were evenly distributed on the materials.
XRD analysis of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 shows a series of typical characteristic peaks with 2θ at 7.32° (39.0), 10.36° (41.7), 12.71° (44.8), 14.68° (56.5), 16.42° (40.5), 18.01° (41.4), and 22.09° (54.5), because of the (011), (002), (112), (022), (013), and (222), (114) diffraction of ZIF-8 [30]; and the obvious diffraction peaks at 31.77° (2.81), 34.43° (2.60), 36.26° (2.47), 47.55° (1.91), 56.61° (1.62), 62.87° (1.47), and 67.96° (1.37), respectively, correspond to the (100), (002), (101), (102), (110), (103), and (112) of the tetragonal phase ZnO (JCPDS, No. 89-0511) [31] (Figure 3a). The interplanar distances are listed in the parentheses, respectively. It shows that ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 composites were successfully synthesized.
The FT-IR spectra also confirm the successful synthesis of the composites (Figure 3b). The ZIF-8 and ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 both exhibits adsorption peaks at 424, 752, 1141, 1306, 1423, 1582, 2928, and 3143 cm−1, The adsorption peaks at 1582 cm−1 is attributed to the stretching vibration of C=N bonds. The adsorption peaks at 752, 1141, and 1306 cm−1 are attributed to the bending vibrations of the imidazole ring, while the one at 1423 cm−1 is attributed to the stretching vibration of the imidazole ring [21,32]. The adsorption peaks at 2928 cm−1 and 3143 cm−1 are attributed to the aromatic and aliphatic C−H stretches [33]. The widened vibration peak between 400~500 cm−1 in ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 could be attributed to the Zn-O stretch in ZnO [28], which indicates ZnCDs/ZnO’s successful modification with ZIF-8.
XPS analysis was carried out to understand the surface composition and electronic states of the constituent elements present in the composites. In common, the high-resolution survey scan of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 revealed four peaks of Zn(2p), C (1 s), N (1 s), and O (1 s) at the ranges of 1045.2, 285.1, 398.7, 530.6 eV, respectively (Figure 4a). The C (1 s) spectrum further splits into three peaks at binding energies of 284.32, 285.1, and 286.0 eV, which are attributed to C=C/C–C, C–N/O, C=N, respectively [34] (Figure 4b). The presence of Zn−O and hydroxyl group is determined from the XPS spectrum of O 1 s. The peaks are centered at 530.0, 530.63, and 531.96 eV, respectively (Figure 4c). All of the peak positions are aligned with the literature [35]. The high-resolution spectrum of N (1 s) revealed a dominant peak at 398.75 eV, which deconvoluted into two peaks at 398.75 eV and 399.9 eV, and corresponded to N−C or N-H, respectively [36] (Figure 4d). The peaks of Zn 2p at 1022.0 eV and 1045.2 eV assigned to Zn 2p3/2 and Zn 2p1/2, respectively (Figure 4e), proved the presence of Zn2+ in the sample [29]. The high-resolution XPS spectra of bare ZnO indicates the peaks at 1021.8 and 1044.9 eV, which were reported earlier [37]. Zn LM2 Scan Auger peak of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8, as shown in Figure 4f, also indicated that the formation of the composites [38].
Figure 5a shows the nitrogen adsorption−desorption isotherms of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 and related materials ZnO, ZnCDs/ZnO, and ZIF-8. The curves of ZIF-8 are a typical type I nitrogen adsorption−desorption isotherm [39], which fit well with the microporous frameworks of ZIF-8. The curves for ZnCDs/ZnO are a type IV isotherm [39], which shows low adsorption at low pressure and multilayer adsorption at high pressures owing to slits caused by assembly of ZnO. The specific BET surface area is 9.94 m2/g. For comparison, the BET surface area of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 is 583.3 m2/g, higher than that of ZnCDs/ZnO. The initial adsorption of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 is higher than that of ZnO, indicating that micropores exist in ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8, which can be attributed to the frameworks of ZIF-8. The multilayer adsorption at high pressure corresponds to spherical morphology of the sample, similar to that of ZnO [21]. Figure 5b summarized pore size distribution by BJH method [40]. It indicates that the pore size of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 distribution is wide.
The optical absorption properties of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 and various related materials are shown in Figure 6a. All the absorptions occurred in the wavelength range of 200~400 nm. The observation indicates that the absorption intensity of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 is higher than that of ZnO nanospheres and ZIF-8, respectively. The absorption ability in the visible-light region is enhanced as ZnCDs/ZnO enveloped by ZIF-8, which is conducive to the utilization of the solar spectrum. The band gap energies (E) of direct transition semiconductor can be calculated according to the plot of (ahv)2 versus photon energy (hv) [41]. As shown in Figure 6b, the Eg of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 estimated to be 2.41 eV, which is narrower than that of ZnO (2.72 eV) and ZIF-8 (4.41 eV), respectively, owing to the incorporation of ZnCDs/ZnO with ZIF-8.
The fluorescence spectra of the as-synthesized composites and the related samples exhibit emission peaks centered at around 650 nm (Figure 7a). The absorbance intensity of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 increased with respect to that of ZnCDs/ZnO and ZIF-8. As everyone knows, the radius of each arc is relevant to charge-transfer resistance: the smaller the radius of the arc, the lower the corresponding impedance [42]. As displayed in Figure 7b, ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 shows the smallest charge-transfer resistance compared with that of ZnCDs/ZnO, ZnO, and ZIF-8, coinciding with the conclusion of the EIS results. The transient photocurrent responses and electrochemical impedance spectra of the composites were employed to further explore the separation efficiency of the photogenerated charge carriers [43]. As shown in Figure 7c, the photocurrent responses of ZIF-8 are quite low, which may stem from the fast recombination of electron-hole pairs. Compared with ZnCDs/ZnO, ZnO, and ZIF-8, ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 composites exhibits the highest photocurrent density. It can generate considerably enhanced photo-currents with four visible-light irradiation on–off cycles. This indicates ZnCDs/ZnO-loading accelerates the transfer of the photo-generated electrons and holes at the interface between ZnCDs/ZnO and ZIF-8.

2.3. Catalytic Performance of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8

Photocatalysis is one of the environmentally friendly and sustainable strategies to eliminate the TC pollution [44]. Here, ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 was evaluated for the photocatalytic degradation of TC under visible-light illumination (λ > 420 nm). Figure 8a is the linear relationship between the concentration and Uv-vis adsorbance of TC. Before the photocatalysis experiments, the suspension was magnetically stirred in the dark for 60 min to make sure an adsorption-desorption equilibrium containing the catalyst powders and TC aqueous without illumination. As shown in Figure 8b, the photolysis of TC in the absence of photocatalysts can be neglected, which demonstrates that TC is very stable and hardly decomposed. Apparently, there was little adsorption phenomenon in ZnO, ZnCDs/ZnO, and CDs/ZnO, while the samples decorated with ZIF-8 showed a discernible adsorption. This phenomenon could be ascribed to the strong adsorption capacity of the wide nanopores interconnected through 0.34 nm windows assembled as an analogue zeolite sodalite structure of ZIF-8 [45,46]. Significant degradation of TC occurs when ZnCDs/ZnO hybridized with ZIF-8 (Figure 8c). Furthermore, the degradation rate was effect by the quantity of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8, as depicted in Figure 8d, the optimum dosage is 100 mg.
In order to ascertain the reactive species that directly participate in photocatalytic system, active species trapping experiments were tested. BQ, EDTA-2Na, K2S2O8, and IPA were employed to quench ⋅O2−, h+, e− and ⋅OH in the photocatalytic process, respectively. As depicted in Figure 9a, the photocatalytic rate did not exhibit a noticeable change in the presence of EDTA-2Na, K2S2O8, and IPA. This indicates that h+, e−, and ⋅OH that participated in the photocatalytic process did not play a leading role. Whereas, when BQ was added to the reaction system, the degradation of TC was greatly inhibited. This result demonstrates that ⋅O2- is main reactive species for ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8.
Furthermore, the stability of the photocatalyst was investigated through the cyclic degradation of TC under visible light irradiation. One hundred milligrams of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 was used in the recycling experiment. After the photocatalysis, the mixture was centrifuged to obtain a catalyst to characterize IR and XRD, or for the next reaction. It can be clearly seen that the photocatalytic activity remained almost constant after five cycles which proves the as-synthesized composites have high stability (Figure 9b). The incorporation of ZIF-8 into the ZnCDs/ZnO nanospheres was therefore thought to enhance the visible light activity of ZnO and also inhibit the photo-corrosion of ZnO, leading to a stable and durable photocatalytic activity. The IR spectra and XRD of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 is almost unchanged before and after the photocatalytic reaction (Figure 9c,d). It indicates that the catalyst is stable and recyclable during the photocatalytic process.
On the basis of the above experimental results over ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8, photocatalytic mechanism is proposed and illustrated in Figure 10. The photocatalytic activity of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 can be attributed to the ZnCDs/ZnO heterojunction and ZIF-8, which effectively facilitates the electron transfer and the separation of electron-hole pairs. During UV irradiation, electrons and holes are excited at the conduction band (CB) and the valence band (VB) on the composites, respectively. After that, electrons transfer from the excited state to the ZnCDs/ZnO and transform from O2 to ⋅O2−. ⋅O2− and holes at VB finally contribute to the degradation of tetracycline in the solution.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Materials

Zinc nitrate hexahydrate, DMF, alcohol were purchased from Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Shanghai, China. Tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) and 2-methyl imidazole (2-mIm) were purchase from Aladdin Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Shanghai, China. Folic acid was purchased from Macklin Technology Co., Ltd. Shanghai, China. Dialysis bag (MWCO: 1000 da) imported from the United States. All solvents and reagents were analytical grade and used without further purification.

3.2. Characterization

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was recorded on a Nicolet iZ10 FT-IR Spectrophotometer (Thermo Electron Co., USA) with potassium bromide (KBr) as the dispersant to examine possible chemical bonds in adsorbents. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded on a German Brooke XRD-D8 Advance D8 with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15406 nm, voltage 40 kV, current 40 mA) and irradiated at a scan rate of 0.1°/s in the range of 5°–80°. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra experiments were performed on Hitachi UV-vis 3010 spectrophotometer (Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The morphology and microstructure of the samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Hitachi S-4800, Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) operated at 5 kV. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Thermo Scientifific, EscaLab 250Xi spectrometer, USA) with a monochromatic Al Kα X-ray source was used to analyze elements (hv = 1486.6 eV, power 150 W, beam spot 650 um, voltage 14.8 kV, current 1.6 A and testing software is advantageous). Charge correction was carried out using polluted carbon C1s = 284.8 eV. A constant analyzer pass energy Ep narrow sweep 20 eV, wide sweep 100 eV, and vacuum degree 1×10−10 MBA. Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) was carried out using a Hitachi F-4500 fluorescence spectrophotometer (Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The sample was excited by a 360 nm laser light source. UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) were tested in absorption mode at the range of 200–800 nm by a Shimadzu UV-2450 spectrometer (Shimadzu Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) with MgO powder as the reference. The MgO powder was firstly pressed into thin disc on the holder, and then the powder sample was evenly spread on an MgO disc and pressed again. A 500 W Xenon lamp was used as the light source (λ ≥ 420 nm). Electrochemical tests were carried out on a CHI760E electrochemical analyzer (CHIIns., Chenhua Ltd., Shanghai, China) in a conventional three-electrode configuration with a Pt foil as the counter electrode and Ag/AgCl (saturated KCl) as the reference electrode. The electrolyte solution was 1.0 mol⋅L−1 Na2SO4. The working electrode was prepared by mixing 10 mg catalyst with 10 μL 5 % Nafion and 10 mL ethyl alcohol to form a slurry, and then the slurry was coated onto a 1.0 cm2 ITO conductive glass. The scan rate was 0.1 V/sec and the testing potential was 2 V to start the scan to sweep until −2 V, maintaining the scan window between +2 V to −2 V (vs Ag/AgCl) using 1 M Na2SO4 as supporting electrolyte. Specific surface areas of samples were measured using nitrogen sorption isotherms through a standard Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis (Tristar II 3020, Micromeritics Instrument Corporation, Norcross, GA, USA).

3.3. Synthesis of ZnCDs

Folic acid (0.1 g) and DMF (10 mL) were mixed with Zn(NO3)2 (0.05 g). The solution was stirred and then transferred into a 25 mL Telfon steel autoclave and heated at 190 °C for 12 h. The solution of ZnCDs was obtained by dialysis against deionized water through a dialysis bag (MWCO: 1000 Da). It was evaporated to dryness for further use. A control sample without metal doping (bare CDs) was prepared under conditions similar to that of ZnCDs.

3.4. Synthesis of ZnO

Folic acid (0.1 g), DMF (10 mL) were mixed with Zn(NO3)2 (0.05 g). The solution transferred into a 25 mL Telfon steel autoclave and heated at 190 °C for 12 h. After the mixture was cooled down to room temperature, the precipitate was collected by centrifugation and washed with H2O and ethanol for several times. The solid was calcined at 500 °C for 4 h to obtain white powder ZnO.

3.5. Synthesis of ZnCDs/ZnO

ZnO (100 mg) was mixed with ZnCDs (10 mg) in CH3CH2OH (20 mL) and stirred for 6 h. The precipitate obtained was washed with H2O and CH3CH2OH, respectively, ZnCDs/ZnO formed and then dried in vacuum.

3.6. Synthesis of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8

Twenty milliliters of methanolic solution including ZnCDs/ZnO (80, 100, 200 mg), 160 mg of zinc nitrate hexahydrate (0.05 mmol), and 20 mL of methanolic solution including 410 mg of 2-methylimidazole (5 mmol) were mixed with stirred continuously at 50 °C for 4 h. A white powder, ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8, was collected by centrifugation, then washed with methanol and dried at 80 °C for use. As a contrast, ZIF-8 was prepared according to the procedure in the literature [47].

3.7. Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline

The photocatalytic activity of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 composites was determined by the photodegradation of tetracycline. The reaction mixture was irradiated by a 500 W Xenon lamp for photodegradation while being stirred. During the reaction, a cooling water circulation device was used to maintain the reaction temperature at around 50~60 °C. In a typical process, 100 mg of photocatalyst ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 was added in 1000 mL of the tetracycline solution and stirred for 60 min in the dark to attain anadsorption/desorption equilibration. For the normal concentration of TC present in the natural environment (in manure and soil, 0~200 mg⋅kg−1 [48,49]; in the aquatic environment, 0~20 μg⋅L−1 [1,50]); we chose 20 mg⋅L−1 for the initial concentration of TC. In the photocatalytic process, 3 mL mixture was extracted and centrifuged to obtain clear liquor for the next residual TC detection using the spectrophotometer at a maximum absorption wavelength of 371 nm. Photocatalytic efficiency was calculated by the following formula:
P h o t o c a t a l y t i c e f f i c i e n c y = ( C 0 − C ) C 0 × 100
where C0 and C represent concentrations of tetracycline before and after irradiated, respectively.
Additives that could scavenge different active radicals were utilized in comparative trials to illuminate the degradation process of tetracycline. K2S2O8 (1 mM), disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA-2Na, 1 mmol⋅L−1), p-benzoquinone (BQ, 1 mmol⋅L−1) and tert-butanol (t-BuOH, 1 mmol⋅L−1) were introduced into the reaction system to capture electrons (e−), holes (h+), superoxide anion free radicals (⋅O2−), and hydroxyl free radicals (⋅OH). These tests were performed following the photocatalytic degradation process mentioned above.

4. Conclusions

In summary, we have prepared ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 composites via zeolite metal-organic frame ZIF-8 wrapped around ZnCDs/ZnO heterojunction. The hybrid material exhibits superior photocatalysis performance for the degradation of tetracycline, which was induced by synergistic effect of ZIF-8 and ZnCDs/ZnO. Our work may provide more thought to design zeolite MOF-decorated semiconductors and carbon dots-based composites that utilize visible light to solve the environmental problems.

Author Contributions

Y.C. designed the experiments and wrote them manuscript. C.J. supervised this study. X.W., D.W. and Y.M. supported the experiments and contributed to the scientific discussion. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Education Department of Anhui Province. grant number: KJ2017A314.

Data Availability Statement

Data is contained within the article.

Acknowledgments

Y. Cheng is grateful to the Natural Science Foundation of Education Department of Anhui Province (KJ2017A314) for funding.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Scheme 1. Synthesis of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 composites.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 composites.
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Figure 1. (a) SEM of ZnO (b) SEM of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 (c) TEM of ZnCDs/ZnO (d) TEM of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 composites.
Figure 1. (a) SEM of ZnO (b) SEM of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 (c) TEM of ZnCDs/ZnO (d) TEM of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 composites.
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Figure 2. Mapping of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 composites (a) Zn (b) O (c) C (d) N.
Figure 2. Mapping of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 composites (a) Zn (b) O (c) C (d) N.
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Figure 3. (a) XRD and (b) IR of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 composites and related materials.
Figure 3. (a) XRD and (b) IR of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 composites and related materials.
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Figure 4. (a) Survey scan (b) C 1 s (c) N1 s (d) O 1 s (e) Zn2p of XPS and (f) Zn LM2 Scan Auger peak of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8.
Figure 4. (a) Survey scan (b) C 1 s (c) N1 s (d) O 1 s (e) Zn2p of XPS and (f) Zn LM2 Scan Auger peak of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8.
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Figure 5. (a) Nitrogen adsorption−desorption isotherm (b) BET of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8.
Figure 5. (a) Nitrogen adsorption−desorption isotherm (b) BET of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8.
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Figure 6. (a) UV-vis DRS (b) Kubelka–Munk function spectrum.
Figure 6. (a) UV-vis DRS (b) Kubelka–Munk function spectrum.
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Figure 7. (a) Fluorescence emission. (b) Electrochemical impedance spectrum. (c) Transient photocurrent response of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 and related materials.
Figure 7. (a) Fluorescence emission. (b) Electrochemical impedance spectrum. (c) Transient photocurrent response of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 and related materials.
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Figure 8. (a) Linear relationship between the concentration and Uv-vis adsorbance of TC. (b) The photocatalytic performance of verious materials for the degradation of TC. (c) Linear relationship of degradation kinetics over ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 and other related materials. (d) The photocatalytic activity with different qualities of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8.
Figure 8. (a) Linear relationship between the concentration and Uv-vis adsorbance of TC. (b) The photocatalytic performance of verious materials for the degradation of TC. (c) Linear relationship of degradation kinetics over ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 and other related materials. (d) The photocatalytic activity with different qualities of ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8.
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Figure 9. (a) Time-dependent photodegradation of TC over Zn-CDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 in the presence of different scavengers. (b) Cycling runs of Zn-CDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 (c) IR of Zn-CDs/ZnO@ZIF-8. (d) XRD of Zn-CDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 before and after reaction.
Figure 9. (a) Time-dependent photodegradation of TC over Zn-CDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 in the presence of different scavengers. (b) Cycling runs of Zn-CDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 (c) IR of Zn-CDs/ZnO@ZIF-8. (d) XRD of Zn-CDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 before and after reaction.
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Figure 10. Proposed mechanism of photocatalytic degradation for TC.
Figure 10. Proposed mechanism of photocatalytic degradation for TC.
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Cheng, Y.; Wang, X.; Mei, Y.; Wang, D.; Ji, C. ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 Zeolite Composites for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline. Catalysts 2021, 11, 934. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal11080934

AMA Style

Cheng Y, Wang X, Mei Y, Wang D, Ji C. ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 Zeolite Composites for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline. Catalysts. 2021; 11(8):934. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal11080934

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Cheng, Yong, Xiuxiu Wang, Yu Mei, Dan Wang, and Changchun Ji. 2021. "ZnCDs/ZnO@ZIF-8 Zeolite Composites for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline" Catalysts 11, no. 8: 934. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal11080934

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