Involvement of Autophagy in Ageing and Chronic Cholestatic Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Molecular Aspects of the Autophagy Process
2.1. Autophagy Evaluation in Experimental Settings
2.2. Autophagy in Liver Physiology
2.3. Autophagy in Liver Disease
3. Autophagy in Cholestatic Liver Diseases
3.1. Autophagy as a Therapeutic Strategy in Cholestasis Treatment
3.2. The Emerging Role of Nuclear Receptors in Autophagy and Cholestatic Disease
4. Ageing in Cholestatic Diseases
4.1. Ageing and Autophagy
4.2. Molecular Mechanisms and Pathways Involved in Autophagy
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Overview of the Autophagy Process | References |
---|---|
Two types of autophagy | |
Selective | [3,5] |
Non-selective | [5] |
Investigation of autophagy | |
Physical methods | |
Transmission electron microscopy | [31] |
Biochemical methods | |
Fluorescence microscopy | [32] |
Immunoblotting, SDS-PAGE | [31] |
Drug | Effects | Ref |
---|---|---|
UDCA | ↓ BA pool hydrophobicity | [86,87] |
↑ Bile flow and bicarbonate secretion | [88] | |
Rebalances autophagic response | [94] | |
↑ Autophagy ↓ Apoptosis | [95] | |
UDCA & TUDCA | ↓ Apoptosis | [89] |
↓ Necrotic properties | [90] | |
↓ ER stress | [91] | |
Casp-12 activation | [92] | |
norUDCA | ↓ Inflammation, fibrosis and proliferation | [98] |
↑ Autophagy via AMPK | [104] | |
↓ ATZ globules in PIZZ mice ↑ Ameliorates parameters | [74] | |
OCA | ↓ BA synthesis | [107] |
Impairs autophagic flux | [80] | |
Overcomes adverse effects of reduced autophagy | [108] | |
Fibrates | ↑ Autophagy | [106,109] |
Relevance of Autophagy | Key References |
---|---|
Cholestatic diseases | |
Macroautophay | [68,69,70,71,72,73,74,80,81,96,105] |
Mitophagy | [53,101,121] |
Lipophagy | [155,156,157,158,159,166,167,168,169] |
Pexophagy | [121] |
ERphagy | [72] |
Age related cholestatic diseases | |
Macroautophay | [122,123,124,125,126,133] |
Mitophagy | [164,166,167,168,169] |
Lipophagy | [127,128,156,157,158,166,167,168,169] |
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Pinto, C.; Ninfole, E.; Benedetti, A.; Marzioni, M.; Maroni, L. Involvement of Autophagy in Ageing and Chronic Cholestatic Diseases. Cells 2021, 10, 2772. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cells10102772
Pinto C, Ninfole E, Benedetti A, Marzioni M, Maroni L. Involvement of Autophagy in Ageing and Chronic Cholestatic Diseases. Cells. 2021; 10(10):2772. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cells10102772
Chicago/Turabian StylePinto, Claudio, Elisabetta Ninfole, Antonio Benedetti, Marco Marzioni, and Luca Maroni. 2021. "Involvement of Autophagy in Ageing and Chronic Cholestatic Diseases" Cells 10, no. 10: 2772. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cells10102772