Next Article in Journal
hERG Blockade Prediction by Combining Site Identification by Ligand Competitive Saturation and Physicochemical Properties
Previous Article in Journal
Enhancing of CO Uptake in Metal-Organic Frameworks by Linker Functionalization: A Multi-Scale Theoretical Study
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Chemistry
Volume 4
Issue 2
10.3390/chemistry4020044
chemistry-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Multicomponent Electrocatalytic Selective Approach to Unsymmetrical Spiro[furo[3,2-c]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine] Scaffold under a Column Chromatography-Free Protocol at Room Temperature

by
Yuliya E. Ryzhkova
1,*,
Michail N. Elinson
1,
Anatoly N. Vereshchagin
1,
Kirill A. Karpenko
1,
Fedor V. Ryzhkov
1,
Ivan E. Ushakov
2 and
Mikhail P. Egorov
1
1
N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia
2
A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Chemistry 2022, 4(2), 615-629; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemistry4020044
Submission received: 31 May 2022 / Revised: 16 June 2022 / Accepted: 17 June 2022 / Published: 19 June 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Electrochemistry and Photoredox Processes)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Electrochemical synthesis suggested a mild, green and atom-efficient route to interesting and useful molecules, thus avoiding harsh chemical oxidizing and reducing agents used in traditional synthetic methods. Organic electrochemistry offers an excellent alternative to conventional methods of organic synthesis and creates a modern tool for carrying out organic synthesis, including cascade and multicomponent ones. In this research, a novel electrocatalytic multicomponent transformation was found: the electrochemical multicomponent assembly of arylaldehydes, N,N′-dimethylbarbituric acid and 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one in one pot reaction was carried out in alcohols in an undivided cell in the presence of alkali metal halides with the selective formation of substituted unsymmetrical 1′,3′,6-trimethyl-3-aryl-2′H,3H,4H-spiro[furo[3,2-c]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine]-2′,4,4′,6′(1′H,3′H)-tetraones in 73–82% yields. This new electrocatalytic process is a selective, facile and efficient way to obtain spiro[furo[3,2-c]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidines]. According to screening molecular docking data using a self-made Python script in Flare, all synthesized compounds may be prominent for different medical applications, such as breast cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and treatments connected with urinary tract, bones and the cardiovascular system.

1. Introduction

The privileged structures or scaffolds have become the most efficient route in the search for pharmaceutical active compounds [1]. Merck researchers have introduced this definition in their study on benzodiazepines [2]. These scaffolds mainly are the rigid heterocyclic compounds, with special orientation of functional substituents for target recognition. The creation of a facile green and efficient method for selective synthesis of privileged scaffolds in the domino or multicomponent processes is now an important goal of modern organic chemistry [3,4].
A multicomponent strategy is now a route to achieve high efficiency and operation simplicity with simultaneous decreasing waste formation [5]. Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are also characterized by a high bond-forming index (BFI) as several non-hydrogen atom bonds are formed in one-pot transformation [6]. The design of MCRs is a rapidly expanding area of research in the field of organic chemistry [7,8,9]. Thus, MCRs are now a useful strategy for the synthesis of complex heterocyclic structures.
Organic electrosynthesis has emerged in recent decades as a part of modern organic synthesis, which has set the stage for innovative chemical processes using novel mechanistic pathways [10,11,12,13]. Nevertheless, the use of electrochemical methods is still limited by equipment and procedure complexity, as well as long reaction time.
Thus, the most facile and efficient electrochemical strategy is the electrocatalytic transformation of organic compounds in the presence of mediators [14]. Among a variety of mediators, the halide anion/halogen pair is one of the most often used mediators for the selective and complex electro-organic transformations [15]. The use of alkali metal and ammonium halides as mediators has a number of advantages, such as inexpensive cost, environmental friendliness and in situ generation of molecular halogen.
C–H acids are useful reagents for the electrochemical processes with alkali metal halides as mediators in an undivided electrolyzer [16,17,18,19,20]. The electrocatalytic synthesis of substituted cyclopropanes and related spirocyclopropanes is a special and useful part of these electrocatalytic transformations [21,22,23]. Electrocatalytic reactions of heterocyclic C–H acids have also been intensively studied [24], as they afford the synthesis of different classes of heterocyclic compounds with a wide range of bioactivity [25].
The exploration of privileged structures or scaffolds in drug discovery is a rapidly emerging part of the medicinal chemistry [26]. Barbiturates (pyrimidine-2,4,6-triones) are known as privileged medicinal scaffold [27] in different central nervous system drugs, including sedatives, anticonvulsants, and anesthetics [28,29,30]. Nowadays, a renewed interest arose because it was found that the pyrimidinetrione template is an efficient zinc-chelating moiety [31], and thus, various pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione derivatives demonstrated high selectivity toward matrix metalloproteinases responsible for cancer progression. Additionally, barbiturates demonstrated inhibition against protein kinase C (PKC), an isoenzyme that is a target for therapeutic intervention of immunological disorders, human immunodeficiency virus and rheumatoid arthritis as well as inflammatory diseases [32].
2H-Pyran-2-one and its derivatives are also well-known in pharmacology. Derivatives of 4-hydroxy-2H-pyran-2-ones exhibit anti-HIV [33] and anticancer [34] properties. Among natural compounds containing 2H-pyran-2-one fragment, bufalin is a cardiotonic steroid and anti-cancer agent [35]. Other 2H-pyran-2-one derivatives have shown plant growth-regulating [36] antitumor [37] and HIV protease inhibiting activity [38].
Spirocycles have been employed as core structures and are widely used in drug discovery [39]. Owing to their inherent three-dimensionality and structural novelty, spiro scaffolds have been increasingly utilized in drug discovery [40]. Spirocycle compounds have a good balance between conformational rigidity and flexibility, which increase the chances of finding bioactive hits [41]. Barbiturate-incorporated spirocycles constitute a class of chemical entities with a wide range of biological activities and important medical applications [42]. Thus, spirobarbiturates have been established to exhibit neuropharmacological effects [43]. They are inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) [44] and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODase) [45]. Recently, 1-phenyl-5,7-diazaspiro[2.5]octane-4,6,8-trione has been recognized as a tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-converting enzyme and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, and thus it could be utilized in the treatment of various inflammatory, infectious, immunological, or malignant diseases [46].
Taking into consideration our experience carrying out electrocatalytic cascade and multicomponent reactions with the formation of different types of spirocyclic compounds [47,48,49,50,51] and sufficient biomedical applications of spirocyclic barbiturates, we planned to design an efficient electrochemical multicomponent methodology for the direct conversion of arylaldehydes 1, N,N′-dimethylbarbituric acid, and 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one in a one-pot reaction into earlier unknown unsymmetric substituted 3-aryl-2′H,3H,4H-spiro[furo[3,2-c]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine]-2′,4,4′,6′(1′H,3′H)-tetrones 2.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. General Information

The solvents and reagents were purchased from commercial sources and used as received.
All melting points were measured with a Stuart SMP30 melting-point apparatus (Stuart Equipment, Cole-Parmer, UK) and were uncorrected. 1H and 13C-NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl3 with Bruker AM300 spectrometer (Bruker Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA) at ambient temperature. Chemical shift values are relative to Me4Si. The IR spectra were recorded with a Bruker ALPHA-T FT-IR spectrometer (Bruker Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA) in a KBr pellet. MS spectra (EI = 70 eV) were obtained directly with a Kratos MS-30 spectrometer (Kratos Analytical Ltd., Manchester, UK).
X-ray diffraction data were collected at 100K on a Bruker Quest D8 diffractometer (Bruker Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA) equipped with a Photon-III area-detector (graphite monochromator, shutterless φ- and ω-scan technique), using Mo Kα-radiation. The intensity data were integrated by the SAINT program [52] and corrected for absorption and decay using SADABS [53]. The structure was solved by direct methods using SHELXT [54] and refined on F [53] using SHELXL-2018 [55]. All non-hydrogen atoms were refined with anisotropic displacement parameters. Hydrogen atoms were placed in ideal calculated positions as riding atoms with relative isotropic displacement parameters; bond distances to H-atoms were refined. A rotating group model was applied for methyl groups. The SHELXTL program suite [52] was used for molecular graphics.

2.2. Electrocatalytic Multicomponent Synthesis of 1′,3′,6-Trimethyl-3-aryl-2′H,3H,4H-spiro-[furo[3,2-c]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine]-2′,4,4′,6′(1′H,3′H)-tetraones 2a–i

Arylaldehyde 1 (5 mmol), N,N′-dimethylbarbituric acid (5 mmol, 0.78 g), 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one (5 mmol, 0.63 g), and sodium iodide (3 mmol, 0.45 g), in methanol (20 mL) was electrolyzed in an undivided cell equipped with a magnetic stirrer, a graphite anode (5 cm2) and an iron cathode (5 cm2) at 20 °C under a constant current density 50 mA/cm2 until the quantity of 2.8 F/mol of electricity was passed. After the electrolysis was finished, the reaction mixture was concentrated to a volume of 4 mL and cooled to 0 °C to crystallize the solid product, which was then filtered out, rinsed twice with an ice-cold ethanol/water solution (1:1, 4 mL) and dried under reduced pressure.
1′,3′,6-Trimethyl-3-phenyl-2′H,3H,4H-spiro[furo[3,2-c]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine]-2′,4,4′,6′(1′H,3′H)-tetraone 2a, (white solid, 1.51 g, 82%), m.p. 249–251 °C (decomp.), FTIR (KBr) cm−1: 3441, 3105, 2958, 2541, 1728, 1694, 1589, 1450, 1385, 1268, 1128, 1041. 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.38 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.57 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.43 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.88 (s, 1H, CH), 6.28 (s, 1H, CH), 6.99–7.13 (m, 2H, 2 CH Ar), 7.30–7.40 (m, 3H, 3 CH Ar) ppm. 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 20.7, 28.3, 29,4, 58.9, 91.1, 95.5, 98.5, 128.4 (2C), 128.9 (2C), 129.4, 132.4, 149.8, 159.8, 163.5, 166.2, 167.8, 172.5 ppm. MS (EI, 70 eV) m/z (%): 368 [M]+ (7), 325 (100), 268 (5), 240 (2), 199 (4), 156 (1), 155 (2), 127 (8), 102 (4), 43 (21). Anal. calcd. for C19H16N2O6: C, 61.96; H, 4.38; N, 7.61%. Found: C, 61.84; H, 4.33; N, 7.54%.
Crystal Data for 2a (M = 368.34 g/mol): monoclinic, space group P21/c (No. 14), a = 7.7339 (4) Å, b = 18.4269 (11) Å, c = 12.0713 (7) Å, β = 97.8430 (10)°, V = 1704.21 (17) Å3, Z = 4, T = 120 °K, μ (MoKα) = 0.109 mm−1, Dcalc = 1.436 g/cm3, 23,459 reflections measured (4.06° ≤ 2Θ ≤ 61.202°), 5239 unique (Rint = 0.0553, Rsigma = 0.0464), which were used in all calculations. The final R1 was 0.0455 (I > 2σ(I)) and wR2 was 0.1146 (all data). CCDC 2,152,149 contains the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk (accessed on 1 March 2022).
3-(4-Methyl)-1′,3′,6-trimethyl-2′H,3H,4H-spiro[furo[3,2-c]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine]-2′,4,4′,6′(1′H,3′H)-tetraone 2b, (white solid, 1.53 g, 80%), m.p. 290–291 °C (decomp.), FTIR (KBr) cm−1: 3448, 3099, 2926, 2526, 1739, 1643, 1587, 1380, 1108. 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.33 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.37 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.60 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.43 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.85 (s, 1H, CH), 6.27 (s, 1H, CH), 6.93 (d, 3J = 8.2 Hz, 2H, 2 CH Ar), 7.14 (d, 3J = 8.2 Hz, 2H, 2 CH Ar) ppm. 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 20.7, 21.2, 28.4, 29.5, 58.8, 91.2, 95.5, 98.7, 128.3 (2C), 129.3 (2C), 129.7, 139.5, 149.9, 159.8, 163.7, 166.3, 167.7, 172.4 ppm. MS (EI, 70 eV) m/z (%): 382 [M]+ (3), 339 (100), 282 (7), 267 (2), 169 (5), 156 (11), 141 (8), 115 (17), 85 (7). Anal. calcd. for C20H18N2O6: C, 62.82; H, 4.75; N, 7.33%. Found: C, 62.75; H, 4.66; N, 7.21%.
3-(3-Fluorophenyl)-1′,3′,6-trimethyl-2′H,3H,4H-spiro[furo[3,2-c]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine]-2′,4,4′,6′(1′H,3′H)-tetraone 2c, (white solid, 1.45 g, 75%), m.p. 247–249 °C (decomp.), FTIR (KBr) cm−1: 3434, 3091, 2958, 2388, 1690, 1590, 1447, 1264, 1036. 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.39 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.67 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.44 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.86 (s, 1H, CH), 6.29 (s, 1H, CH), 6.71 (d, 3JH-F = 11.7 Hz, 1H, 1 CH Ar), 6.81–6.90 (m, 2H, 2 CH Ar), 7.19 (dd, 3JH-F = 14.4 Hz, 3JH-H = 6.5 Hz, 1H, 1 CH Ar) ppm. 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 20.7, 28.5, 29.5, 58.1, 90.8, 95.5, 98.3, 115.6 (d, 2JC-F = 22.2 Hz), 116.5 (d, 2JC-F = 22.2 Hz), 124.3 (d, 4JC-F = 2.8 Hz), 130.5 (d, 3JC-F = 7.6 Hz), 135.1 (d, 3JC-F = 7.6 Hz), 149.7, 159.7, 162.9 (d, 1JC-F = 248.2 Hz), 163.3, 165.9, 168.1, 172.7 ppm. MS (EI, 70 eV) m/z (%): 386 [M]+ (3), 344 (19), 343 (100), 286 (5), 217 (5), 189 (2), 160 (8), 145 (6), 132 (2), 125 (4). Anal. calcd. for C19H15FN2O6: C, 59.07; H, 3.91; F, 4.92; N, 7.25%. Found: C, 58.98; H, 3.87; F, 4.85; N, 7.19%.
3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1′,3′,6-trimethyl-2′H,3H,4H-spiro[furo[3,2-c]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine]-2′,4,4′,6′(1′H,3′H)-tetraone 2d, (white solid, 1.57 g, 78%), m.p. 258–260 °C (decomp.), FTIR (KBr) cm−1: 3435, 3098, 2962, 2361, 1720, 1686, 1587, 1445, 1380, 1044. 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.38 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.67 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.43 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.85 (s, 1H, CH), 6.28 (s, 1H, CH), 6.99 (d, 3J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, 2 CH Ar), 7.32 (d, 3J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, 2 CH Ar) ppm. 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 20.7, 28.5, 29,6, 58.1, 90.8, 95.5, 98.3, 129.2 (2C), 129.9 (2C), 131.1, 135.6, 149.7, 159.7, 163.4, 166.0, 168.1, 172.6 ppm. MS (EI, 70 eV) m/z (%): 404 [M]+ Cl37 (1), 402 [M]+ Cl35 (3), 361 (34), 359 (100), 302 (3), 290 (3), 176 (8), 161 (4), 126 (7), 85 (11). Anal. calcd. for C19H15ClN2O6: C, 56.66; H, 3.75; Cl, 8.80; N, 6.96%. Found: C, 56.58; H, 3.71; Cl, 8.73; N, 6.85%.
1′,3′,6-Trimethyl-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-2′H,3H,4H-spiro[furo[3,2-c]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine]-2′,4,4′,6′(1′H,3′H)-tetraone 2e, (white solid, 1.67 g, 81%), m.p. 262–264 °C (decomp.), FTIR (KBr) cm−1: 3435, 3090, 2963, 1732, 1696, 1590, 1522, 1441, 1352, 1173, 1029. 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.41 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.67 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.46 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.96 (s, 1H, CH), 6.31 (s, 1H, CH), 7.26 (d, 3J = 8.5 Hz, 2H, 2 CH Ar), 8.21 (d, 3J = 8.5 Hz, 2H, 2 CH Ar) ppm. 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 20.8, 28.5, 29,7, 57.7, 90.3, 95.5, 98.1, 124.0 (2C), 129.8 (2C), 139.8, 148.4, 149.5, 159.6, 163.0, 165.6, 168.6, 172.9 ppm. MS (EI, 70 eV) m/z (%): 413 [M]+ (2), 372 (3), 371 (20), 370 (100), 325 (3), 324 (7), 323 (7), 244 (5), 187 (13), 156 (1), 141 (3), 126 (6), 85 (9). Anal. calcd. for C19H15N3O8: C, 55.21; H, 3.66; N, 10.17%. Found: C, 55.14; H, 3.59; N, 10.08%.
Methyl 4-(1′,3′,6-trimethyl-2′,4,4′,6′-tetraoxo-1′,3′,4′,6′-tetrahydro-2′H,3H,4H-spiro[furo[3,2-c]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidin]-3-yl)benzoate 2f, (white solid, 1.64 g, 77%), m.p. 275–276 °C (decomp.), FTIR (KBr) cm−1: 3435, 3100, 2954, 2846, 2391, 1724, 1592, 1440, 1283, 1113, 1036. 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.39 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.39 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.60 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.45 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.93 (s, 3H, CO2Me), 4.92 (s, 1H, CH), 6.30 (s, 1H, CH), 7.14 (d, 3J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, 2 CH Ar), 8.01 (d, 3J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, 2 CH Ar) ppm. 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 20.7, 28.4, 29.5, 52.3, 58.3, 90.7, 95.5, 98.3, 128.7 (2C), 130.1 (2C), 131.1, 137.5, 149.7, 159.7, 163.3, 165.9, 166.2, 168.1, 172.7 ppm. MS (EI, 70 eV) m/z (%): 426 [M]+ (2), 395 (3), 385 (3), 384 (22), 383 (100), 324 (9), 283 (3), 257 (4), 200 (10), 156 (2), 141 (4), 126 (5), 85 (8), 43 (22). Anal. calcd. for C21H18N2O8: C, 59.16; H, 4.26; N, 6.57%. Found: C, 59.08; H, 4.21; N, 6.45%.
1′,3′,6-Trimethyl-3-(pyridin-3-yl)-2′H,3H,4H-spiro[furo[3,2-c]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine]-2′,4,4′,6′(1′H,3′H)-tetraone 2g, (white solid, 1.35 g, 73%), m.p. 236–240 °C (decomp.), FTIR (KBr) cm−1: 3434, 3090, 2957, 1741, 1685, 1583, 1448, 1281, 1040. 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.39 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.68 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.45 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.90 (s, 1H, CH), 6.30 (s, 1H, CH), 7.30 (d, 3J = 5.1 Hz 1H, 1 CH Ar), 7.40 (dt, 3J = 7.7 Hz, 4J = 2.1 Hz, 1H, 1 CH Ar), 8.34 (d, 4J = 2.1 Hz 1H, 1 CH Ar), 8.61 (dd, 3J = 4.6 Hz, 2J = 2.1 Hz, 1H, 1 CH Ar) ppm. 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 20.8, 28.6, 29,7, 56.2, 90.5, 95.5, 97.8, 123.7 (2C), 128.8, 136.2 (2C), 149.7 (2C), 150.8, 163.3, 165.8, 172.9 ppm. MS (EI, 70 eV) m/z (%): 369 [M]+ (6), 327 (19), 326 (100), 269 (9), 172 (3), 156 (3), 143 (15), 129 (4), 115 (5), 69 (9), 43 (31). Anal. calcd. for C18H15N3O6: C, 58.54; H, 4.09; N, 11.38%. Found: C, 58.41; H, 4.03; N, 11.26%.
1′,3′,6-Trimethyl-3-(pyridin-4-yl)-2′H,3H,4H-spiro[furo[3,2-c]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine]-2′,4,4′,6′(1′H,3′H)-tetraone 2h, (yellowish solid, 1.39 g, 75%), m.p. 190–192 °C (decomp.), FTIR (KBr) cm−1: 3434, 3102, 2960, 1719, 1684, 1584, 1446, 1382, 1289, 1043. 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.39 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.64 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.43 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.83 (s, 1H, CH), 6.29 (s, 1H, CH), 6.99 (d, 3J = 6.1 Hz, 2H, 2 CH Ar), 8.59 (d, 3J = 6.1 Hz, 2H, 2 CH Ar) ppm. 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 20.8, 28.4, 29,6, 57.5, 90.4, 95.5, 97.6, 123.4 (2C), 141.7, 149.6, 150.4 (2C), 159.5, 163.0, 165.7, 168.5, 173.1 ppm. MS (EI, 70 eV) m/z (%): 369 [M]+ (3), 327 (20), 326 (100), 269 (8), 200 (7), 172 (3), 156 (4), 143 (18), 129 (4), 115 (4), 69 (14), 43 (38). Anal. calcd. for C18H15N3O6: C, 58.54; H, 4.09; N, 11.38%. Found: C, 58.50; H, 4.05; N, 11.31%.
1′,3′,6-Trimethyl-3-(naphthalen-1-yl)-2′H,3H,4H-spiro[furo[3,2-c]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine]-2′,4,4′,6′(1′H,3′H)-tetraone 2i, (yellowish solid, 1.63 g, 78%), m.p. 255–257 °C (decomp.), FTIR (KBr) cm−1: 3436, 3271, 2957, 2658, 2351, 1732, 1588, 1448, 1379, 1127, 1034. 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.15 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.41 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.35 (s, 3H, CH3), 5.93 (s, 1H, CH), 6.32 (s, 1H, CH), 7.26–7.31 (m, 1H, 1 CH Ar), 7.43–7.57 (m, 3H, 3 CH Ar), 7.65–7.72 (m, 1H, 1 CH Ar), 7.82–7.94 (m, 2H, 2 CH Ar) ppm. 13C-NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 20.7, 28.0, 29,3, 53.7, 90.7, 95.6, 98.9, 121.0, 125.5, 126.1, 126.9, 127.5, 127.8, 129.6, 129.7, 131.4, 133.9, 149.1, 159.8, 163.7, 166.3, 167.8, 172.8 ppm. MS (EI, 70 eV) m/z (%): 418 [M]+ (73), 377 (3), 376 (26), 375 (100), 303 (14), 302 (10), 261 (13), 234 (9), 177 (30), 176 (40), 156 (1), 127 (14), 43 (85). Anal. calcd. for C23H18N2O6: C, 66.03; H, 4.34; N, 6.70%. Found: C, 65.94; H, 4.30; N, 6.63%.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Electrocatalytic Multicomponent One-Pot Synthesis of Spiro[furo[3,2-b]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidines] 2a–i

In our research, we report the results on the multicomponent electrochemical one-pot assembly of arylaldehydes 1a–i, N,N′-dimethylbarbituric acid and 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one into unsymmetrical substituted 3-aryl-2′H,3H,4H-spiro[furo[3,2-c]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine]-2′,4,4′,6′(1′H,3′H)-tetrones 2a–i in alcohols in an undivided electrolyzer in the presence of alkali halides as mediators (Scheme 1 and Scheme 2, Table 1 and Table 2).
During the first step of our study, to estimate the synthetic potential of the electrochemical method and to carefully estimate the electrolytic conditions, the electrolysis of benzaldehyde 1a, N,N′-dimethylbarbituric acid, and 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one in alcohols as solvent in an undivided cell in the presence of alkali halides as mediators was specially studied (Scheme 2, Table 1).
At the beginning of this research, methanol was used as solvent and lithium bromide as the mediator. Under this electrolysis condition in an undivided electrolyzer after 2 F/mol of electricity were passed, spiro[furo[3,2-b]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine] 2a was obtained in 48% yields (Entry 1, Table 1). Similar results, 52 and 50% yields of 2a, were found using sodium and potassium bromides as mediators (Entries 2 and 3, Table 1). Among iodides as mediators (Entries 4–7, Table 1), the best result was in the case of sodium iodide as mediator with 59% yield of spiro[furo[3,2-b]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine] 2a. Other alcohols-ethanol and n-propanol were found less suitable in this electrochemical multicomponent process (Entries 8 and 9, Table 1). The next improvement was achieved with an increasing quantity of electricity passed through the undivided cell (Entries 10–14, Table 1). When 2.8 F/mol of electricity was used, spiro[furo[3,2-b]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine] 2a was obtained in best 82% yield.
Under these optimal conditions, unsymmetrical spiro[furo[3,2-b]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidines] 2a–i were obtained in 73–82% yields in a one-pot electrocatalytic reaction from aldehydes 1a–i, N,N′-dimethylbarbituric acid and 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one (Table 2).
When the electrochemical process was finished, the reaction mixture was concentrated by evaporation in vacuo on a rotary evaporator to a volume of 4 mL and chilled to 0 °C. Under these conditions, a solid precipitate formed, which was then filtered out, treated twice with a cold ethanol/water solution (1:1 v/v, 4 mL) and dried under reduced pressure.
The structures of spirobarbituric dihydrofurans 2a–i were proven by 1H, 13C NMR, IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry data and elemental analysis. For all compounds, only one set of signals was observed in 1H and 13C NMR spectra.
Structure spiro[furo[3,2-b]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine] 2a was additionally confirmed by an X-ray diffraction study (see Supplementary Materials and Figure 1).
With all above results and taking into consideration the data on electrocatalytic reactions mediated by iodides [56,57,58], the following mechanism for the electrocatalyic multicomponent transformation of benzaldehyde 1a, N,N′-dimethylbarbituric acid and 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one into unsymmetrical spiro[furo[3,2-b]-pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine] 2a was suggested (Scheme 3).
The formation of hydrogen is the cathodic process. During this process, a methoxide anion is also formed. The generation of iodine is an anodic process and the iodine color was observed at the anode, if the stirring of the reaction mixture is stopped.
Reaction in a solution medium between a methoxide ion and N,N′-dimethylbarbituric acid leads to the anion of N,N′-dimethylbarbituric acid A formation (Scheme 3). Then, Knoevenagel condensation of benzaldehyde 1a with N,N′-dimethylbarbituric acid anion A results in Knoevenagel adduct 3 formation with the elimination of a hydroxide anion. The following hydroxide anion induced Michael addition of 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one to the electron-deficient Knoevenagel adduct 3 leads to the formation of corresponding anion B. The subsequent iodination of anion B by generated-at-anode iodine, affords 5-iodo-5-[(4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-oxo-2H-pyran-3-yl)(phenyl)methyl]-1,3-dimethylpyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione 4, which in the next step is cyclized by the action of the second methoxide anion into the unsymmetrical spiro[furo[3,2-b]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine] 2a with the regeneration of the bromide ion.

3.2. Docking Study

To propose a potential application of synthesized compounds, they were subjected to docking procedure. Then, 169 Entries from rcsb.org were selected for the procedure and synthesized compounds were docked into them. To embrace all the proposed proteins, the docking procedure was performed in automated regime using self-made Python script (see information in Appendix A). Utilization of Python scripts for docking is available in Flare, which was used for this study [59,60,61,62,63].
PDB structures of each target were automatically downloaded from the PDB-bank (rcsb.org). To download all entries, the python script “downloader.py” was used. This script handles each PDB entry from the text file in the same directory, and then downloads the appropriate PDB structure.
The downloaded PDB structures were prepared for the docking procedure. This included capping chains, extracting ligand and removing waters outside the active site (out of range of 6A). To handle that, the python script “proteinprep.py” (available as a Flare extension) was used. The synthesized compounds (ligands) were subjected to a docking procedure into prepared PDB structures. The docking was performed in “Exhaustive” mode. To automate this procedure, the python-script “docking.py” (available Flare as extension) was used.
As long as this routine was demanded for each protein–ligand pair, the whole computation (all 169 PDB-entries) was performed using python script “script.py”. This subprogram sequentially calls commands of protein preparation, extraction of reference ligand, docking of synthesized ligands and outputs the results into separate text files. It utilizes the scripts described above (“proteinprep.py”, “docking.py”). The output from the docking procedure (text files) was converted into an Excel table by another script (“outpt_prep.py”). The result is presented in Table 3. The average energies of protein–ligand interactions were calculated (in Excel file, see archive attached to the article) to define the most prominent target to the whole synthesized class of ligands. The results of the docking procedure are shown in Table 3.
The calculation of docking modes was accomplished for 146 proteins from all 169 proposed entries. The docking procedure was interrupted for 23 proteins because of program termination (the list of proteins for calculation that were not accomplished can be found in the supporting information).
For the proposed proteins, the most favorable interactions were given by para-chloro substituted compound 2d. The average energy of protein–ligand interaction for 2d with proposed proteins is close to −9.7 kcal/mol. According to docking results, carbomethoxy substituted 2f (para-substituent) and 1-naphthyl substituted 2i were slightly less active, the energies of protein–ligand interaction were close to −9.5 and −9.4 kcal/mol on average.
At the same time, among calculated protein–ligand interactions the most favorable result was given by 4iw8 [64], the average interaction energy of substituted compounds with this structure is of −9.2 kcal/mol. There is also 5tlt structure [65] with the average binding energy of −9.0 kcal/mol. Both 4iw8 and 5tlt are proteins, estrogen receptor α subtype, with modulators (removed during the docking procedure). The estrogen receptor α is an effective target in breast cancer therapies [66], It is distributed among reproductive, central nervous, skeletal, and cardiovascular systems and has important actions in the urinary tract, mucous, skin, and eating behavior [67,68,69,70,71,72].
There is also 6kbp structure [73] that has an average interaction energy of −9.1 kcal/mol. It is a modified human D-amino acid oxidase complexed with benzoate (removed during the docking procedure). The enzyme oxidizes D-amino acids, and in particular D-serine, which is connected with the increase in synaptic NMDA receptor activity [74]. Thus, it plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases [75,76], and schizophrenia is among them [77].
Proteins 2axa, 3vng and 5i6x are presented as examples of structures for which docking did not show good results. The other proteins showed less prominent, but also good results (see supporting information). The calculated energies of protein–ligand interactions are within the range of −4 to −9 kcal/mol.
Synthesized compound 2i docked into estrogen receptor (4iw8) is shown in Figure 2.

4. Conclusions

The new electrocatalytic and efficient assembly of arylaldehydes, N,N′-dimethylbarbituric acid and 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one in methanol with sodium iodide as mediator in the diaphragmless electrolyzer leads to the formation of the novel spiro[furo[3,2-c]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidines] in 73–82% yields.
This earlier unknown electrochemical multicomponent reaction makes it easy to obtain new compounds containing pyrimidine and 2H-pyran-2-one cycles, which are promising substances for various biomedical applications.
This electrocatalytic efficient procedure utilizes simple equipment, an undivided cell, an easily available and cheap mediator—sodium iodide—and it is easily carried out and the isolation procedure is very simple.
The automated method was proposed and performed in automated docking procedure. It is distinct from screening by higher accuracy, and it is much more scalable than a classic docking procedure. As it follows from the results, the energies of interaction of many protein–ligands pairs are quite high. 4iw8, 6kbp and 5tlt are the most favourable targets (among 169 proposed targets) from a thermodynamic point of view. Other targets also showed good results. Thus, all synthesized compounds may be prominent for different medical applications, such as breast cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and treatments connected with urinary tract, bones, the cardiovascular system and others.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://0-www-mdpi-com.brum.beds.ac.uk/article/10.3390/chemistry4020044/s1, 1H and 13C Spectra of synthesized compounds 2a–i (Figures S1–S18), Single-crystal X-ray Diffraction Data for Compound 2a (Figure S19, Tables S1–S6). Citation of ref [78,79].

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.P.E.; methodology, M.N.E. and F.V.R.; software, F.V.R.; validation, M.N.E., Y.E.R. and A.N.V.; investigation, K.A.K. and I.E.U.; writing—original draft preparation, M.N.E. and K.A.K.; writing—review and editing, Y.E.R.; visualization, F.V.R.; supervision, M.P.E.; project administration, M.N.E. and Y.E.R.; funding acquisition, M.N.E. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by RFBR, grant number 19-29-08013.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Sample Availability

Samples of the compounds 2a-i are available from the authors.

Appendix A

An archive with the results of molecular docking, as well as scripts for it in the Python programming language, is attached to the article.

References

  1. Schneider, P.; Schneider, G. Priviledge structures revisited. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 7971–7974. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  2. Evans, B.E.; Rittle, K.E.; Bock, M.G.; DiPardo, R.M.; Freidinger, R.M.; Whitter, W.L.; Lundell, G.F.; Veber, D.F.; Anderson, P.S.; Chang, R.S.L.; et al. Methods for drug discovery—Development of potent, selective, orally effective cholecystokinin antagonists. J. Med. Chem. 1988, 31, 2235–2246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Zhu, J.; Bienayme, H. (Eds.) Multicomponent Reactions; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA: Weinheim, Germany, 2005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  4. Ameta, K.L.; Dandia, A.A. (Eds.) Multicomponent Reactions: Synthesis of Bioactive Heterocycles; CRS Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. John, S.E.; Gulatia, S.; Shankaraiah, N. Recent advances in multi-component reactions and their mechanistic insights: A triennium review. Org. Chem. Front. 2021, 8, 4237–4287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Domling, A.; Wang, W.; Wang, K. Chemistry and biology of multicomponent reactions. Chem. Rev. 2012, 112, 3083–3135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  7. Insuasty, D.; Castillo, J.; Becerra, D.; Rojas, H.; Abonia, R. Synthesis of biologically active molecules through multicomponent Reactions. Molecules 2020, 25, 505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  8. Younus, H.A.; Al-Rashida, M.; Hameed, A.; Uroos, M.; Salar, U.; Rana, S.; Khan, K.M. Multicomponent reactions (MCR) in medicinal chemistry: A patent review (2010–2020). Expert Opin. Ther. Pat. 2021, 31, 267–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Elinson, M.N.; Ryzhkova, Y.E.; Ryzhkov, F.V. Multicomponent design of chromeno[2,3-b]pyridine systems. Russ. Chem. Rev. 2021, 90, 94–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Hammerich, O.; Speiser, B. (Eds.) Organic Electrochemistry: Revised and Expanded, 5th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Yan, M.; Kawamata, Y.; Baran, P.S. Synthetic Organic Electrochemistry: Calling All Engineers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 4149–4155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Nikishin, G.I.; Elinson, M.N.; Makhova, I.V. Electrocatalytic haloform reaction: Transformation of methyl ketones into methyl esters. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1988, 27, 1716–1717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Wang, X.; She, P.; Zhang, Q. Recent advances on electrochemical methods in fabricating two-dimensional organic-ligand-containing frameworks. SmartMat 2021, 2, 299–325. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Frankle, R.; Little, D. Redox catalysis in organic electrosynthesis: Basic principles and recent developments. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 2492–2521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Ogibin, Y.N.; Elinson, M.N.; Nikishin, G.I. Mediator oxidation systems in organic electrosynthesis. Russ. Chem. Rev. 2009, 78, 89–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Tang, H.-T.; Jia, J.-S.; Pan, Y.-M. Halogen-mediated electrochemical organic synthesis. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2020, 18, 5315–5333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Karkas, M.D. Electrochemical strategies for C–H functionalization and C–N bond formation. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018, 47, 5786–5865. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  18. Elinson, M.N.; Vereshchagin, A.N.; Ryzhkov, F.V. Catalysis of cascade and multicomponent reactions of carbonyl compounds and C-H acids by electricity. Chem. Rec. 2016, 16, 1950–1964. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Vereshchagin, A.N.; Elinson, M.N.; Zaimovskaya, T.A.; Nikishin, G.I. Electrocatalytic multicomponent assembling: Stereo- selective one-pot synthesis of the substituted 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-1-carboxylate system from aldehyde, malononitrile, malonate and methanol. Tetrahedron 2008, 64, 9766–9770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Elinson, M.N.; Feducovich, S.K.; Starikova, Z.A.; Vereshchagin, A.N.; Nikishin, G.I. Stereoselective electrocatalytic trans- formation of arylidenemalononitriles and malononitrile into (1R,5S,6R)*-6-aryl-2-amino-4,4-dialkoxy-1,5-dicyano-3-aza- bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-enes. Tetrahedron 2004, 60, 11743–11749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Elinson, M.N.; Dorofeeva, E.O.; Vereshchagin, A.N.; Nikishin, G.I. Electrochemical synthesis of cyclopropanes. Russ. Chem. Rev. 2015, 84, 485–497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Elinson, M.N.; Feducovich, S.K.; Vereshchagin, A.N.; Gorbunov, S.V.; Belyakov, P.A.; Nikishin, G.I. Electrocatalytic multicomponent cyclization of an aldehyde, malononitrile and a malonate into 3-substituted-2,2-dicyanocyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylate—The first one-pot synthesis of a cyclopropane ring from three different molecules. Tetrahedron Lett. 2006, 47, 9129–9133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Elinson, M.N.; Feducovich, S.K.; Bushuev, S.G.; Zakharenkov, A.A.; Pashchenko, D.V.; Nikishin, G.I. Electrochemical transformation of malonate and alkylidenemalonates into 3-substituted cyclopropane-1,1,2,2-tetracarboxylates. Mendeleev Commun. 1998, 8, 15–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Elinson, M.N.; Vereshchagin, A.N.; Ryzkov, F.V. Electrochemical synthesis of heterocycles via cascade reactions. Curr. Org. Chem. 2017, 21, 1427–1439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Taylor, A.P.; Robinson, R.P.; Fobian, Y.M.; Blamore, D.C.; Jones, L.H.; Fadeyi, O. Modern advances in heterocyclic chemistry in drug discovery. Org. Biomol. Com. 2016, 2016, 6611–6637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Yet, L. Privileged Structures in Drug Discovery: Medicinal Chemistry and Synthesis; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Katsamakas, S.; Papadopoulos, A.G.; Kouskoura, M.G.; Markopoulou, C.K. Examining barbiturate scaffold for the synthesis of new agents with biological interest. Future Med. Chem. 2019, 11, 2063–2079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Brunton, L.L.; Lazo, J.S.; Parker, K.L.; Buxton, I.; Blumenthal, D. Goodman and Gilman’s: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 11th ed.; The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 2006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Uhlmann, C.; Froscher, W. Low Risk of Development of Substance Dependence for Barbiturates and Clobazam Prescribed as Antiepileptic Drugs: Results from a Questionnaire Study. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 2009, 15, 24–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  30. Johns, M.W. Sleep and Hypnotic Dugs. Drugs 1975, 9, 448–478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  31. Grams, F.; Brandstetter, H.; D’Alo, S.; Geppert, D.; Krell, Y.W.; Leinert, H.; Livi, V.; Menta, E.; Oliva, A.; Zimmermann, G. Pyrimidine-2,4,6-triones: A new effective and selective class of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. Biol. Chem. 2001, 382, 1277–1285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Gruber, P.; Rechfeld, F.; Kirchmair, J.; Hauser, N.; Boehler, M.; Garczarczyk, D.; Langer, T.; Hofmann, J. Barbituric acid derivative BAS 02104951 inhibits PKCε, PKCη, KCε/RACK2 interaction, Elk-1 phosphorylation in HeLa and PKCε and η translocation in PC3 cells following TPA-induction. J. Biochem. 2011, 149, 331–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Prasad, J.V.N.V.; Pavlovsky, A.; Para, K.S.; Ellsworth, E.L.; Tummino, P.J.; Nouhan, C.; Ferguson, D. Nonpeptidic HIV protease inhibitors: 3-(S-benzyl substituted)-4-hydroxy-6-(phenyl substituted)-2H-pyran-2-one with an inverse mode of binding. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1996, 6, 1133–1138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Lan, Q.-Y.; Liu, Q.-L.; Cai, J.; Liu, A.-W. 3-Cinnamoyl-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one (CHP) inhibits human ovarian cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2015, 8, 155–163. Available online: https://e-century.us/files/ijcep/8/1/ijcep0003810.pdf (accessed on 7 April 2022).
  35. Yin, P.-H.; Liu, X.; Qiu, Y.-Y.; Cai, J.-F.; Qin, J.-M.; Zhu, H.-R.; Li, Q. Anti-tumor activity and apoptosis-regulation mechanisms of bufalin in various cancers: New hope for cancer patients. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2012, 13, 5329–5343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  36. Tsuchiya, K.; Kobayashi, S.; Nishikiori, T.; Nakagawa, T.; Tatsuta, K. NK10958P, a novel plant growth regulator produced by Streptomyces sp. J. Antibiot. 1997, 50, 259–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  37. Kondoh, M.; Usui, T.; Kobayashi, S.; Tsuchiya, K.; Nishikawa, K.; Nishikiori, T.; Mayumi, T.; Osada, H. Cell cycle arrest and antitumor activity of pironetin and its derivatives. Cancer Lett. 1998, 126, 29–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Turner, S.R.; Strohbach, J.W.; Tommasi, R.A.; Aristoff, P.A.; Johnson, P.D.; Shulnick, H.I.; Dolak, L.A.; Seest, E.P.; Tomich, P.K.; Bohanon, M.J.; et al. Tipranavir (PNU-140690): A potent, orally bioavailable nonpeptidic HIV protease inhibitor of the 5,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-pyrone sulfonamide class. J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41, 3467–3476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  39. Zheng, Y.; Tice, C.M.; Singh, S.B. The use of spirocyclic scaffolds in drug discovery. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2014, 24, 3673–3682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  40. Zheng, Y.; Tice, C.M. The utilization of spirocyclic scaffolds in novel drug discovery. Expert Opin. Drug Discov. 2016, 11, 831–834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  41. Müller, G.; Berkenbosch, T.; Benningshof, J.C.J.; Stumpfe, D.; Bajorath, J. Charting biologically relevant spirocyclic compound space. Chem. Eur. J. 2017, 23, 703–710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Hiesinger, K.; Dar’in, D.; Proschak, E.; Krasavin, M. Spirocyclic Scaffolds in Medicinal Chemistry. J. Med. Chem. 2021, 64, 150–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Galati, E.M.; Monforte, M.T.; Miceli, N.; Ranerill, E. Anticonvulsant and sedative effects of some 5-substituted bromopyrazolinicspirobarbiturates. Farmaco 2001, 56, 459–461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Kim, S.-H.; Pudzianowski, A.T.; Leavitt, K.J.; Barbosa, J.; McDonnell, P.A.; Metzler, W.J.; Rankin, B.M.; Liu, R.; Vaccaro, W.; Pitts, W. Structure-based design of potent and selective inhibitors of collagenase-3 (MMP-13). Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2005, 15, 1101–1106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Fraser, W.; Suckling, C.J.; Wood, H.C.S. Latent inhibitors. Part 7. Inhibition of dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase by spirocyclopropanobarbiturates. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1990, 1, 3137–3144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Duan, J.; Jiang, B.; Chen, L.; Lu, Z.; Barbosa, J.; Pitts, W.J. Barbituric Acid Derivatives as Inhibitors of the TNF-Alpha Convertingenzyme (TACE) and/or Matrix Metalloproteinases. U.S. Patent WO2003053941, 3 July 2003. Available online: https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2003053941 (accessed on 7 April 2022).
  47. Elinson, M.N.; Dorofeeva, E.O.; Vereshchagin, A.N.; Nasybullin, R.F.; Egorov, M.P. Electrocatalytic stereoselective transformation of aldehydes and two molecules of pyrazolin-5-one into (R*,R*)-bis(spiro-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one)cyclopro- panes. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2015, 5, 2384–2387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Vereshchagin, A.N.; Elinson, M.N.; Egorov, M.P. The first electrocatalytic stereoselective multicomponent synthesis of cyclopropanecarboxylic acid derivatives. RCS Adv. 2015, 5, 98522–98526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Vereshchagin, A.N.; Elinson, M.N.; Dorofeeva, E.O.; Stepanov, N.O.; Zaimovskaya, T.A.; Nikishin, G.I. Electrocatalytic and chemical methods in MHIRC reactions: The first example of the multicomponent assembly of medicinally relevant spirocyclopropylbarbiturates from three different molecules. Tetrahedron 2013, 69, 1945–1952. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Vereshchagin, A.N.; Elinson, M.N.; Dorofeeva, E.O.; Zaimovskaya, T.A.; Stepanov, N.O.; Gorbunov, S.V.; Belyakov, P.A.; Nikishin, G.I. Electrocatalytic and chemical assembling of N,N′-dialkylbarbituric acids and aldehydes: Efficient cascade approach to the spiro[furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6,5′-pyrimidine]-2,2′,4,4′,6′-(1′H,3H,3′H)-pentone framework. Tetrahedron 2012, 68, 1198–1206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Elinson, M.N.; Vereshchagin, A.N.; Stepanov, N.O.; Belyakov, P.A.; Nikishin, G.I. Cascade assembly of N,N′-dialkylbarbituric acids and aldehydes: A simple and efficient one-pot approach to the substituted 1,5-dihydro-2H,2′H-spiro(furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6,5′-pyrimidine)-2,2′,4,4′,6′(1′H,3H,3′H)-pentone framework. Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 6598–6601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Bruker APEX-III; Bruker AXS Inc.: Madison, WI, USA, 2019.
  53. Krause, A.L.; Herbst-Irmer, R.; Sheldrick, G.M.; Stalke, D. Comparison of silver and molybdenum microfocus X-ray sources for single-crystal structure determination. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 2015, 48, 3–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  54. Sheldrick, G.M. SHELXT—Integrated space-group crystal-structure determination. Acta Crystallogr. 2015, A71, 3–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  55. Sheldrick, G.M. Crystal structure refinement with SHELXL. Acta Crystallogr. 2015, C71, 3–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Dorofeeva, E.O.; Elinson, M.N.; Vereshchagin, A.N.; Stepanov, N.O.; Bushmarinov, I.S.; Belyakov, P.A.; Sokolova, O.O.; Nikishin, G.I. Electrocatalysis in MIRC reaction strategy: Facile stereoselective approach to medicinally relevant spirocyclopropylbarbiturates from barbituric acids and activated olefins. RCS Adv. 2012, 2, 4444–4452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Elinson, M.N.; Fedukovich, S.K.; Vereshchagin, A.N.; Dorofeev, A.S.; Dmitriev, D.V.; Nikishin, G.I. Electrocatalytic transformation of malononitrile and cycloalkylidenemalononitriles into spirobicyclic and spirotricyclic compounds containing 1,1,2,2-tetracyanocyclopropane fragment. Russ. Chem. Bull. 2003, 52, 2235–2240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Elinson, M.N.; Lizunova, T.L.; Dekaprilevich, M.O.; Struchkov, Y.T.; Nikishin, G.I. Electrochemical cyclotrimerization of cyanoacetic ester into trans-1,2,3-tricyanocyclopropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate. Mendeleev Commun. 1993, 3, 192–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Flare, Version 5.0.0; Cresset: Litlington, UK, 2021; Available online: http://www.cresset-group.com/flare/ (accessed on 7 April 2022).
  60. Cheeseright, T.; Mackey, M.; Rose, S.; Vinter, A. Molecular Field Extrema as Descriptors of Biological Activity: Definition and Validation. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 2006, 46, 665–676. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  61. Bauer, M.R.; Mackey, M.D. Electrostatic Complementarity as a Fast and Effective Tool to Optimize Binding and Selectivity of Protein–Ligand Complexes. J. Med. Chem. 2019, 62, 3036–3050. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  62. Kuhn, M.; Firth-Clark, S.; Tosco, P.; Mey, A.S.J.S.; Mackey, M.; Michel, J. Assessment of Binding Affinity via Alchemical Free-Energy Calculations. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 2020, 60, 3120–3130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  63. Lead Finder, Version 2104 Build 1; BioMolTech: Toronto, ON, Canada, 2021; Available online: http://www.cresset-group.com/lead-finder/ (accessed on 7 April 2022).
  64. Battles, M.; Langedijk, J.; Furmanova-Hollenstein, P.; Chaiwatpongsakorn, S.; Costello, H.M.; Kwanten, L.; Vranckx, L.; Vink, P.; Jaensch, S.; Jonckers, T.H.M.; et al. Molecular mechanism of respiratory syncytial virus fusion inhibitors. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2016, 12, 87–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  65. Nwachukwu, J.C.; Srinivasan, S.; Bruno, N.E.; Nowak, J.; Wright, N.J.; Minutolo, F.; Rangarajan, E.S.; Izard, T.; Yao, X.-Q.; Grant, B.; et al. Systems Structural Biology Analysis of Ligand Effects on ERα Predicts Cellular Response to Environmental Estrogens and Anti-hormone Therapies. Cell Chem. Biol. 2017, 24, 35–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  66. Li, F.; Dou, J.; Wei, L.; Li, S.; Liu, J. The selective estrogen receptor modulators in breast cancer prevention. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 2016, 77, 895–903. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  67. Bondesson, M.; Hao, R.; Lin, C.-Y.; Williams, C.; Gustafsson, J.-Å. Estrogen receptor signaling during vertebrate development. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2015, 1849, 142–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  68. dos Santos, R.L.; da Silva, F.B.; Ribeiro, R.F.; Stefanon, I. Sex hormones in the cardiovascular system. Horm. Mol. Biol. Clin. Investig. 2014, 18, 89–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  69. Arnal, J.-F.; Lenfant, F.; Metivier, R.; Flouriot, G.; Henrion, D.; Adlanmerini, M.; Fontaine, C.; Gourdy, P.; Chambon, P.; Katzenellenbogen, B.; et al. Membrane and Nuclear Estrogen Receptor Alpha Actions: From Tissue Specificity to Medical Implications. Physiol. Rev. 2017, 97, 1045–1087. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  70. Hirschberg, A.L. Sex hormones, appetite and eating behaviour in women. Maturitas 2012, 71, 248–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  71. Simpson, E.R. Sources of estrogen and their importance. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. 2003, 86, 225–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  72. Turgeon, J.L.; McDonnell, D.P.; Martin, K.A.; Wise, P.M. Hormone therapy: Physiological complexity belies therapeutic simplicity. Science 2004, 304, 1269–1273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  73. Rachadech, W.; Kato, Y.; El-Magd, R.M.A.; Shishido, Y.; Kim, S.H.; Sogabe, H.; Maita, N.; Yorita, K.; Fukui, K. P219L substitution in human D-amino acid oxidase impacts the ligand binding and catalytic efficiency. J. Biochem. 2020, 168, 557–567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  74. Pollegioni, L.; Piubelli, L.; Sacchi, S.; Pilone, M.S.; Molla, G. Physiological functions of D-amino acid oxidases: From yeast to humans. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2007, 64, 1373–1394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  75. Madeira, C.; Freita, M.E.; Vargas-Lopes, C.; Wolosker, H.; Panizzutti, R. Increased brain d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) activity in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2008, 101, 76–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  76. Boks, M.P.M.; Rietkerk, T.; van de Beek, M.H.; Sommer, I.E.; de Koning, T.J.; Kahn, R.S. Reviewing the role of the genes G72 and DAAO in glutamate neurotransmission in schizophrenia. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007, 17, 567–572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  77. Verrall, L.; Burnet, P.W.J.; Betts, J.F.; Harrison, P.J. The neurobiology of D-amino acid oxidase and its involvement in schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 2010, 15, 122–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  78. Dolomanov, O.V.; Bourhis, L.J.; Gildea, R.J.; Howard, J.A.K.; Puschmann, H. OLEX2: A complete structure solution, refinement and analysis program. J. Appl. Cryst. 2009, 42, 339–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  79. Sheldrick, G.M. A short history of SHELX. Acta Cryst. 2008, A64, 112–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Chemistry 04 00044 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Electrocatalytic multicomponent one-pot synthesis of spiro[furo[3,2-b]-pyran-2,5′-pyrimidines] 2a–i.
Scheme 1. Electrocatalytic multicomponent one-pot synthesis of spiro[furo[3,2-b]-pyran-2,5′-pyrimidines] 2a–i.
Chemistry 04 00044 sch001
Chemistry 04 00044 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Electrocatalytic multicomponent one-pot synthesis of spiro[furo[3,2-b]-pyran-2,5′-pyrimidines] 2a–i.
Scheme 2. Electrocatalytic multicomponent one-pot synthesis of spiro[furo[3,2-b]-pyran-2,5′-pyrimidines] 2a–i.
Chemistry 04 00044 sch002
Chemistry 04 00044 g001 550
Figure 1. The general view of compound 2a in crystal. Atoms are represented by thermal displacement ellipsoids (p = 50%).
Figure 1. The general view of compound 2a in crystal. Atoms are represented by thermal displacement ellipsoids (p = 50%).
Chemistry 04 00044 g001
Chemistry 04 00044 sch003 550
Scheme 3. The mechanism of electrocatalytic multicomponent one-pot synthesis of spiro[furo[3,2-c]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine] 2a.
Scheme 3. The mechanism of electrocatalytic multicomponent one-pot synthesis of spiro[furo[3,2-c]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine] 2a.
Chemistry 04 00044 sch003
Chemistry 04 00044 g002 550
Figure 2. Compound 2i docked into estrogen receptor (4iw8).
Figure 2. Compound 2i docked into estrogen receptor (4iw8).
Chemistry 04 00044 g002
Table
Table 1. Electrocatalytic multicomponent synthesis of spiro[furo[3,2-b]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine] 2a.
Table 1. Electrocatalytic multicomponent synthesis of spiro[furo[3,2-b]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine] 2a.
EntrySolventMediatorTime/minElectricity F/molYield of 2a (%)
1MeOHLiBr642.048
2MeOHNaBr642.052
3MeOHKBr642.050
4MeOHLiI642.054
5MeOHNaI642.059
6MeOHKI642.057
7MeOHNH4I642.043
8EtOHNaI642.052
9n-PrOHNaI642.048
10MeOHNaI702.263
11MeOHNaI772.467
12MeOHNaI832.670
13MeOHNaI902.882
14MeOHNaI963.071
Electrolysis conditions: Benzaldehyde 1a (5 mmol), N,N′-dimethylbarbituric acid (5 mmol), 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one (5 mmol), mediator (3 mmol), alcohol (20 mL), iron cathode (5 cm2), graphite anode (5 cm2), undivided cell, constant current density 50 mA/cm2, 20 °C.
Table
Table 2. Electrocatalytic multicomponent synthesis of spiro[furo[3,2-b]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine] 2a–i.
Table 2. Electrocatalytic multicomponent synthesis of spiro[furo[3,2-b]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine] 2a–i.
Chemistry 04 00044 i001
Electrolysis conditions: Arylaldehydes 1a–i (5 mmol), N,N′-dimethylbarbituric acid (5 mmol), 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one (5 mmol), NaI (3 mmol), MeOH (20 mL), iron cathode (5 cm2), graphite anode (5 cm2), undivided cell, constant current density 50 mA/cm2, 2.8 F/mol electricity passed (90 min) at 20 °C.
Table
Table 3. The energy of interaction of 13 predicted protein–ligand pairs in kcal/mol (10 was the most favorable and 3 was the least favorable). The results for other 156 structures could be found in supporting information. PDB entries obtained from rcsb.org.
Table 3. The energy of interaction of 13 predicted protein–ligand pairs in kcal/mol (10 was the most favorable and 3 was the least favorable). The results for other 156 structures could be found in supporting information. PDB entries obtained from rcsb.org.
Structure2a2b2c2d2e2f2g2h2iAVG
1m9m–8.7–9.5–8.9–9.2–8.5–9.1–8.0–7.9–9.1–8.8
2xas–8.4–9.3–8.9–10.0–8.6–10.4–8.1–7.9–9.2–9.0
4iw8–9.0–9.5–9.2–9.6–8.6–9.7–8.4–8.6–10.0–9.2
4p6x–8.7–9.0–9.0–10.1–8.4–8.8–8.4–8.3–8.7–8.8
5tlt–8.8–9.3–8.7–9.5–8.8–9.4–8.5–8.4–10.0–9.0
5vv1–8.9–9.3–9.1–9.4–8.5–9.6–7.3–7.2–9.5–8.8
6kbp–9.8–9.3–9.9–10.2–8.3–9.8–7.1–8.0–9.2–9.1
6nh5–8.7–9.3–8.8–9.4–8.5–9.3–7.8–7.7–9.4–8.8
6nhb–9.1–9.6–9.2–9.6–8.2–9.1–7.8–7.7–9.5–8.9
6ud5–8.7–9.2–8.6–9.5–8.8–9.5–7.9–8.2–9.5–8.9
2axa–6.3–4.9–4.8–5.2–4.1–3.8–4.9–4.9–4.9–4.9
3vng–5.9–5.4–5.6–7.0–6.4–5.5–4.6–5.7–6.2–5.8
5i6x–4.3–4.8–4.6–4.7–4.9–4.7–4.4–4.4–4.6–4.6
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ryzhkova, Y.E.; Elinson, M.N.; Vereshchagin, A.N.; Karpenko, K.A.; Ryzhkov, F.V.; Ushakov, I.E.; Egorov, M.P. Multicomponent Electrocatalytic Selective Approach to Unsymmetrical Spiro[furo[3,2-c]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine] Scaffold under a Column Chromatography-Free Protocol at Room Temperature. Chemistry 2022, 4, 615-629. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemistry4020044

AMA Style

Ryzhkova YE, Elinson MN, Vereshchagin AN, Karpenko KA, Ryzhkov FV, Ushakov IE, Egorov MP. Multicomponent Electrocatalytic Selective Approach to Unsymmetrical Spiro[furo[3,2-c]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine] Scaffold under a Column Chromatography-Free Protocol at Room Temperature. Chemistry. 2022; 4(2):615-629. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemistry4020044

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ryzhkova, Yuliya E., Michail N. Elinson, Anatoly N. Vereshchagin, Kirill A. Karpenko, Fedor V. Ryzhkov, Ivan E. Ushakov, and Mikhail P. Egorov. 2022. "Multicomponent Electrocatalytic Selective Approach to Unsymmetrical Spiro[furo[3,2-c]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine] Scaffold under a Column Chromatography-Free Protocol at Room Temperature" Chemistry 4, no. 2: 615-629. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemistry4020044

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop