Biomarkers of Allostatic Load as Correlates of Impairment in Youth with Chronic Pain: An Initial Investigation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participant Sample
2.2. Recruitment Procedures
2.3. Outcome Measures
2.3.1. Demographic and Medical Information
2.3.2. Allostatic Load (AL)
2.3.3. Pain-Related Functioning
2.3.4. Psychosocial Functioning
2.3.5. Exposure to Stressful Experiences
2.4. Analyses
2.4.1. Power Analysis
2.4.2. Saliva Assay
2.4.3. Allostatic Load Coding
2.4.4. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Feasibility of AL Measurement in Tertiary Care
3.3. Frequency of AL Risk Factors in Youth with Chronic Pain
3.4. Association(s) between AL Risk and Pain-Related and Psychosocial Outcomes
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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M (SD) | Range | |
---|---|---|
Age | 14.47 (1.96) | 10–17 |
Gender (n, %) | ||
Female | 54 (88.5) | |
Male | 6 (9.8) | |
Other | 1 (1.6) | |
Race/ethnicity (n, %) | ||
White | 54 (88.5) | |
Black | 3 (4.9) | |
Asian | 1 (1.6) | |
Hispanic or Latino | 1 (1.6) | |
American Indian or Alaskan Native | 1 (1.6) | |
Other | 2 (3.3) | |
Pain location(s) * (n, %) | ||
Widespread/multiple pains | 21 (34.4) | |
CRPS/AMPS | 18 (29.5) | |
Back/chest | 9 (14.8) | |
Other | 13 (21.3) | |
Cortisol | 8.24 (5.1) | 0.15–18.10 |
DHEA | 315.82 (212.35) | 18.62–740.05 |
Cortisol: DHEA ratio | 0.05 (0.09) | 0.00–0.66 |
C-reactive protein (CRP) | 294.76 (413.04) | 2.42–1128.79 |
Waist/hip ratio (WHR) | 0.78 (0.06) | 0.60–0.91 |
Body-mass index (BMI) | 22.71 (5.56) | 14.60–22.71 |
PCS-C | 25.74 (12.61) | 4–47 |
FOPQ-C | 43.51 (20.32) | 0–79 |
Pain intensity | ||
Usual pain | 6.43 (1.87) | 0–10 |
Worst pain | 8.04 (1.47) | 4–10 |
Best pain | 4.65 (2.55) | 0–10 |
FDI | 21.82 (11.78) | 0–50 |
PROMIS measures | ||
Sleep disturbance | 60.14 (7.46) | 46.8–78.5 |
Anxiety | 50.76 (10.67) | 33.5–74.6 |
Depression | 52.72 (9.94) | 35.2–71.4 |
Psychological stress | 56.96 (9.28) | 37–81.8 |
CTES | 1.51 (1.68) | 0–6 |
None (n, %) | 18 (29.5) | |
1 ACE (n, %) | 15 (24.6) | |
2 ACEs (n, %) | 10 (16.4) | |
≥3 ACEs (n, %) | 18 (29.5) |
AL (<2); n = 26 | AL (≥2); n = 35 | |
---|---|---|
Age | 14.65 (2.19) | 14.32 (1.79) |
Gender (n, %) | ||
Female | 24 (92.3) | 30 (85.7) |
Male | 1 (3.8) | 5 (14.3) |
Other | 1 (3.8) | 0 (0) |
Race/ethnicity (n, %) | ||
White | 24 (92.3) | 30 (85.7) |
Black | 1 (3.8) | 2 (5.7) |
Asian | 1 (3.8) | 0 (0) |
Hispanic or Latino | 0 (0) | 1 (2.9) |
American Indian or Alaskan Native | 0 (0) | 1 (2.9) |
Other | 2 (19.2) | 2 (5.7) |
Frequency of pain (n, %) | ||
A couple of times per year | 0 (0) | 2 (5.7) |
Once a month | 0 (0) | 1 (2.9) |
Everyday | 6 (23.1) | 8 (22.9) |
Other | 20 (76.9) | 24 (68.6) |
Cortisol | 7.24 (4.37) | 8.99 (5.53) |
DHEA | 224.75 (176.51) | 380.84 (214.03) |
Cortisol: DHEA ratio | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.05 (0.11) |
C-reactive protein | 367.53 (470.02) | 240.78 (363.76) |
Waist/hip ratio (WHR) | 0.75 (0.03) | 0.79 (0.07) |
Body-mass index (BMI) | 20.62 (2.70) | 24.26 (6.58) |
PCS-C | 24.21 (13.13) | 26.85 (12.30) |
FOPQ-C | 42.04 (19.46) | 44.58 (21.15) |
Pain intensity | ||
Usual pain | 6.47 (1.61) | 6.41 (2.05) |
Worst pain | 8.24 (1.21) | 7.89 (1.64) |
Best pain | 4.49 (2.56) | 4.77 (2.57) |
FDI | 23.0 (10.50) | 20.97 (12.72) |
PROMIS measures | ||
Sleep disturbance | 59.18 (6.55) | 60.92 (8.14) |
Anxiety | 50.93 (10.15) | 50.60 (11.19) |
Depression | 53.33 (9.87) | 52.27 (10.11) |
Psychological stress | 57.1 (8.60) | 56.85 (9.88) |
CTES | ||
None (n, %) | 4 (15.4) | 14 (40) |
1 ACE (n, %) | 5 (19.2) | 10 (28.6) |
2 ACEs (n, %) | 6 (23.1) | 4 (11.4) |
≥3 ACEs (n, %) | 11 (42.3) | 7 (20) |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. PCS | 1 | 0.79 ** | 0.50 ** | 0.48 ** | 0.34 | 0.28 | 0.41 * | 0.36 * | 0.26 * | 0.12 |
2. FOPQ-C | 0.75 ** | 1 | 0.70 ** | 0.59 ** | 0.50 ** | 0.53 ** | 0.57 ** | 0.57 ** | 0.45 ** | 0.25 |
3. FDI | 0.50 * | 0.67 ** | 1 | 0.56 ** | 0.39 * | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.68 ** | 0.48 ** | 0.47 ** |
4. PROMIS Sleep | 0.07 | 0.27 | 0.36 | 1 | 0.72 ** | 0.60 ** | 0.64 ** | 0.16 | 0.23 | 0.15 |
5. PROMIS Anxiety | 0.66 ** | 0.63 ** | 0.51 | 0.44 * | 1 | 0.76 ** | 0.75 ** | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.11 |
6. PROMIS Depression | 0.62 ** | 0.68 ** | 0.45 * | 0.12 | 0.64 ** | 1 | 0.87 ** | 0.02 | 0.05 | −0.03 |
7. PROMIS Stress | 0.66 ** | 0.63 ** | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.73 ** | 0.73 ** | 1 | 0.08 | 0.15 | −0.02 |
8. Usual pain | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.19 | −0.03 | −0.15 | −0.25 | −0.26 | 1 | 0.75 ** | 0.57 ** |
9. Worst pain | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.03 | −0.04 | −0.12 | −0.12 | −0.09 | 0.60 ** | 1 | 0.35 * |
10. Best pain | −0.02 | −0.16 | 0.06 | 0.00 | −0.46 | −0.46 * | −0.38 | 0.49 * | 0.12 | 1 |
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Nelson, S.; Bento, S.; Enlow, M.B. Biomarkers of Allostatic Load as Correlates of Impairment in Youth with Chronic Pain: An Initial Investigation. Children 2021, 8, 709. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/children8080709
Nelson S, Bento S, Enlow MB. Biomarkers of Allostatic Load as Correlates of Impairment in Youth with Chronic Pain: An Initial Investigation. Children. 2021; 8(8):709. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/children8080709
Chicago/Turabian StyleNelson, Sarah, Samantha Bento, and Michelle Bosquet Enlow. 2021. "Biomarkers of Allostatic Load as Correlates of Impairment in Youth with Chronic Pain: An Initial Investigation" Children 8, no. 8: 709. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/children8080709