Rice Straw Utilisation for Bioenergy Production: A Brief Overview
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Rice Straw Composition and Management Practice
2.1. Rice Straw Composition
2.2. Rice Straw Management Options
3. Technologies in Rice Straw Utilisation for Bioenergy
4. Circular Economy Concept
5. Environmental Performance of Bioenergy Production from Rice Straw
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | Quantity (wt %) |
---|---|
Cellulose | 43 |
Hemicellulose | 25 |
Lignin | 12 |
Ash and silica | 34–44 |
Country | Rice Straw Utilisation | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|
Thailand | Biofuel | 0.2 |
China | Rural energy | 53.6 |
Japan | Combustion | 4.6 |
India | Biogas | 28.0 |
No. | Year | Author | Location | System Boundaries | Functional Unit | Method/LCA Software | Sensitivity | Impact Categories | Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 2021 | [76] | India | Cradle-to-grave | 1 ton of rice straw | NA | NA | Energy GHG | GHG reduction:
|
2. | 2019 | [2] | China | Cradle-to-grave | 1 MJ of electricity output | NA | Yes | Water consumption |
|
3. | 2019 | [79] | India | Cradle-to-gate | 1 ton of rice straw | CML2 | Yes | Global warming potential (GWP) Acidification potential (AP) Photochemical oxidants creation potential (POCP) Eutrophication potential (EP) |
|
4. | 2018 | [80] | India | Well-to-gate | 1 L ethanol produced | CML 2 | NA | GWP AP EP POCP | Overall LCA results reveal that performance of modified pretreatment (MP) 2, MP3, and MP4 is on the negative side in all the environmental impact categories as compared to conventional pretreatment (CP) |
5. | 2018 | [81] | Thailand | Cradle-to-gate | 1000 L bioethanol at 99.7 vol % purity | ReCiPe/SimaPro 8.2 | Yes | Mid-point | Bioethanol from cassava shows the best values of net energy ratio (1.34), renewability (5.16), and reduced greenhouse gas emissions (410 kg CO2 eq/1000 L) |
6. | 2017 | [82] | India | Cradle-to-gate | 1 MJ of exergy output | CML 2001/Eco-indicator 99 | Yes | Mid-point and end-point | Polygeneration with surplus rice straw is more environment-friendly than conventional stand-alone generation of same utilities |
7. | 2017 | [75] | India | Cradle-to-gate | 1 ton of dry rice straw | CML2 | Yes | GWP EP AP POCP | GWP, AP, and POCP emissions reduction of 1471 and 1023 kg CO2 eq., 15.0 and 3.4 kg SO2 eq., and 6.7 and 7.1 kg C2H6 eq. |
8. | 2017 | [83] | China | Cradle-to-gate | 1 MJSNG | LCSoft version 6.1/SimaPro | Yes | GWP AP Chinese abiotic depletion potential (CADP) Respiratory inorganic (RI) |
|
9. | 2016 | [84] | Cradle-to-gate | 1 Nm3 | SimaPro 8.0.2/ReCiPe 2008 v.1.09 | NA | Mid-point End-point | Human toxicity and marine ecotoxicity were the most significant causes in mid-point category, while human health experienced the highest impact at end-point level | |
10. | 2016 | [85] | India | Cradle-to-grave | 1 ton of rice straw | IMPACT 2002+ | Yes | GWP Energy reduction | Processing of 1 ton of straw to electricity and biogas resulted in net reduction of 1471 and 1023 kg CO2 eq., 15.0 and 3.4 kg SO2 eq., and 6.7 and 7.1 kg C2H6 eq. emissions in global warming, acidification, and photochemical oxidation creation potential, respectively |
11. | 2014 | [86] | Malaysia | Cradle-to-gate | 1 kWh of electricitygenerated | CML 2001 | Yes | GWP EP AP Toxicity | Rice straw power generation can save GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions of about 1.79 kg CO2 eq/kW |
12. | 2013 | [87] | Taiwan | Cradle-to-grave | Kilowatt hour | IMPACT 2002+/Simapro 7.2 | Yes | GWP Aquatic ecotoxicity Terrestrial ecotoxicity Land occupation Non-renewable energy |
|
13. | 2013 | [88] | Thailand | Cradle-to-grave | 1 ton of dry rice straw | CML2 | NA | GWP | GHG reduction = 35 g CO2 equiv./MJ or 60% GHG emission reduction as compared to conventional gasoline |
14. | 2013 | [89] | Thailand | Cradle-to-gate | per MJ basis | NA | Yes | GWP | GHG reduction of biodiamethyl ether (bio-DME) used for:
|
15. | 2013 | [90] | Malaysia | Cradle-to-grave | 6,132,000 MWh (Manjung Power Plant, MP) and 2,628,000 MWh (Kapar Power Plant, KP) | CML 2002 | NA | GWP EP AP Human toxicity | Overall GHG emissions for rice straw preparation (starting from paddy production until rice straw available at coal power plant, range between 0.4067 and 0.5994 kg CO2 eq per kg rice straw ready at coal power plant |
16. | 2012 | [91] | Japan | Cradle-to-gate | m3 anhydrous bioethanol produced | NA | Yes | GWP Energy consumption |
|
Parameter | Combustion | Gasification | Pyrolysis | Fermentation | Anaerobic Digestion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percent of agricultural waste reduction | 75–90% | 75–90% | 75–90% | 45–50% | 45–50% |
Air pollution | Very high | Moderate | High | Very low | Very low |
Global warming potential (kg CO2 equivalent per unit MWh electricity generation) | 424 | 412 | 412 | NA | 222 |
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Harun, S.N.; Hanafiah, M.M.; Noor, N.M. Rice Straw Utilisation for Bioenergy Production: A Brief Overview. Energies 2022, 15, 5542. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15155542
Harun SN, Hanafiah MM, Noor NM. Rice Straw Utilisation for Bioenergy Production: A Brief Overview. Energies. 2022; 15(15):5542. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15155542
Chicago/Turabian StyleHarun, Siti Norliyana, Marlia Mohd Hanafiah, and Noorashikin Md Noor. 2022. "Rice Straw Utilisation for Bioenergy Production: A Brief Overview" Energies 15, no. 15: 5542. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15155542