The Persistence of Staphylococcus aureus in Pressure Ulcers: A Colonising Role
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bacterial Strains
2.2. Whole Genome Sequencing
2.3. In Vivo Caenorhabditis elegans Killing Model
2.4. Growth Curves Evaluation
2.5. Determination of Early Biofilm Formation
2.6. Description of Bacterial Communities Associated with S. aureus Using Metabarcoding Approach
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Description of Patients
3.2. Genotypical Characteristics of S. aureus Strains
3.2.1. Genotyping of S. aureus Strains
3.2.2. Resistome and Virulome of S. aureus Strains
3.2.3. Evaluation of S. aureus Virulence Strains according to Clinical Evolution
3.3. Evolution of S. aureus Fitness and Ability to Form Biofilm in Accordance to Clinical Evolution
3.3.1. Fitness of S. aureus Strains
3.3.2. Ability to Form Biofilm in S. aureus Strains
3.4. S. aureus and Bacterial Interactions: Impact on Wound Evolution?
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Pressure Ulcers Evolution during 28 Days | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Improvement (n = 3) | Worsening (n = 3) | ||||||
Patient ID | P5 | P32 | P41 | P7 | P37 | P50 | |
Sex | F | M | M | M | M | F | |
Age | Years | 76 | 42 | 61 | 52 | 66 | 62 |
Wound stage * (at D0) | III | III | III | III | III | III | |
Wound stage (at D28) | III | III | III | III | III | III | |
Wound localisation | Ischial/Sacral | Sacral | Ischial | Sacral | Sacral | Ischial | Ischial |
CRP (D0) | mg/L | 26 | 22 | 11 | 9 | 154 | 5 |
CRP (D28) | 23 | 34 | 10 | 22 | 69 | 9 | |
Number of antibiotics used during wound management | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Wounds Evolution | Strains | Sequence Type Susceptibility to Methicillin 1 | SpA Type | Difference in SNP 2 Numbers (D0/D28) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Improvement | P5 D0 | 398—MSSA | t3625 | 6 |
P5 D28 | ||||
Improvement | P32 D0 | 398—MSSA | t571 | 43 |
P32 D28 | ||||
Improvement | P41 D0 | 8—MSSA | t008 | 12 |
P41 D28 | ||||
Worsening | P7 D0 | 8—MRSA | t008 | 32 |
P7 D28 | ||||
Worsening | P37 D0 | 5—MRSA | t777 | 8 |
P37 D0 | ||||
Worsening | P50 D0 | 5—MSSA | t002 | 82 |
P50 D28 |
Funtions | Genes | PU with Clinical Improvement 3 | PU with Worsening Evolution 3 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P5 D0 | P5 D28 | P32 D0 | P32 D28 | P41 D0 | P41 D28 | P7 D0 | P7 D28 | P37 D0 | P37 D28 | P50 D0 | P50 D28 | ||
Adhesion/Colonisation | fnbpA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Biofilm Formation Regulatory System | icaABCDR 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
agrA, agrB sarA | 1 1 | 1 1 | 1 1 | 1 1 | 1 1 | 1 1 | 1 1 | 1 1 | 1 1 | 1 1 | 1 1 | 1 1 | |
Pore Forming Toxins | lukDE | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
hlgA, hlgB, hlgC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
hly | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
psm | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
lukF-PV, lukS-PV | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Toxins that induce Lymphocyte T activation | sea and sel-X | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
sed, sej, ser | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
seg, sel-i, sel-m, sel-n, sel-o, sel-u, sel-p | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
tsst-1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Avoid Host Immune Response | clfB | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
coA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
clfA | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
spA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Protease activity | aur | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
etA, etB, etD | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
splA, splB, splE | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Other | sak | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Resistance to β-lactams (MRSA 2) | mecA | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Resistance to quinolones | glrA and/or gyrA mutations | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Resistance to macrolides and related | ermA | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Resistance to fusidic acid | fusA (p.L461S) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Strains | Clinical Evolution | LT50 (Days) | p (OP 50/Px) | p (NSA 739/Px) | p (D0/D28) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OP50 1 | Controls | 5.3 (±0.6) | NA | <0.001 | NA |
NSA739 2 | 3.0 (±0.2) | <0.001 | NA | NA | |
P5 D0 | Improvement | 4.0 (±0.1) | <0.001 | <0.01 | <0.001 |
P5 D28 | 4.7 (±0.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
P32 D0 | Improvement | 3.3 (±0.3) | <0.001 | 0.301 (NS) | 0.003 |
P32 D28 | 3.7 (±0.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
P41 D0 | Improvement | 4.0 (±0.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
P41 D28 | 4.8 (±0.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
P7 D0 | Worsening | 3.7 (±0.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
P7 D28 | 4.3 (±0.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
P37 D0 | Worsening | 4.0 (±0.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
P37 D28 | 4.7 (±0.7) | 0.001 | <0.001 | ||
P50 D0 | Worsening | 4.6 (±0.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.207 (NS) |
P50 D28 | 5.0 (±0.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
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Fayolle, M.; Morsli, M.; Gelis, A.; Chateauraynaud, M.; Yahiaoui-Martinez, A.; Sotto, A.; Lavigne, J.-P.; Dunyach-Remy, C. The Persistence of Staphylococcus aureus in Pressure Ulcers: A Colonising Role. Genes 2021, 12, 1883. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/genes12121883
Fayolle M, Morsli M, Gelis A, Chateauraynaud M, Yahiaoui-Martinez A, Sotto A, Lavigne J-P, Dunyach-Remy C. The Persistence of Staphylococcus aureus in Pressure Ulcers: A Colonising Role. Genes. 2021; 12(12):1883. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/genes12121883
Chicago/Turabian StyleFayolle, Martin, Madjid Morsli, Anthony Gelis, Marion Chateauraynaud, Alex Yahiaoui-Martinez, Albert Sotto, Jean-Philippe Lavigne, and Catherine Dunyach-Remy. 2021. "The Persistence of Staphylococcus aureus in Pressure Ulcers: A Colonising Role" Genes 12, no. 12: 1883. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/genes12121883