Comparison between Virtual and Traditional Learning Methods for Orthodontic Knowledge and Skills in Dental Students: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Procedure
2.2. Outcome Assessment
2.3. Data Management and Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Robinson, H.B.G. Research in Dentistry; Its Importance in Dental Education. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 1940, 27, 918–922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Will, L.A. The History of Orthodontic Education: A Century of Development and Debate. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 2015, 148, 901–913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Freda, N.M.; Lipp, M.J. Test-Enhanced Learning in Competence-Based Predoctoral Orthodontics: A Four-Year Study. J. Dent. Educ. 2016, 80, 348–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lipp, M.J. An “Objectified” Competency-Based Course in the Management of Malocclusion and Skeletal Problems. J. Dent. Educ. 2008, 72, 543–552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ngampornchai, A.; Adams, J. Students’ Acceptance and Readiness for E-Learning in Northeastern Thailand. Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ. 2016, 13, 34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Muflih, S.; Abuhammad, S.; Karasneh, R.; Al-Azzam, S.; Alzoubi, K.H.; Muflih, M. Online Education for Undergraduate Health Professional Education during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Attitudes, Barriers, and Ethical Issues. Res. Sq. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Uijl, S.; Filius, R.; Ten Cate, O. Student Interaction in Small Private Online Courses. Med. Sci. Educ. 2017, 27, 237–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hendriks, R.A.; de Jong, P.G.M.; Admiraal, W.F.; Reinders, M.E.J. Instructional Design Quality in Medical Massive Open Online Courses for Integration into Campus Education. Med. Teach. 2020, 42, 156–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilcha, R.-J. Effectiveness of Virtual Medical Teaching During the COVID-19 Crisis: Systematic Review. JMIR Med. Educ. 2020, 6, e20963. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Turkyilmaz, I.; Hariri, N.H.; Jahangiri, L. Student’s Perception of the Impact of E-Learning on Dental Education. J. Contemp. Dent. Pract. 2019, 20, 616–621. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Camargo, L.B.; Raggio, D.P.; Bonacina, C.F.; Wen, C.L.; Mendes, F.M.; Bönecker, M.J.S.; Haddad, A.E. Proposal of E-Learning Strategy to Teach Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) to Undergraduate and Graduate Students. BMC Res. Notes 2014, 7, 456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lin, W.S.; Chou, J.C.; Charette, J.R.; Metz, M.J.; Harris, B.T.; Choi, N. Creating Virtual 3-Dimensional Models for Teaching Pre-Clinical Tooth Preparation: Students’ Usages and Perceptions. Eur. J. Dent. Educ. Off. J. Assoc. Dent. Educ. Eur. 2018, 22, e573–e581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- El-Damanhoury, H.M.; Fakhruddin, K.S.; Awad, M.A. Effectiveness of Teaching International Caries Detection and Assessment System II and Its E-Learning Program to Freshman Dental Students on Occlusal Caries Detection. Eur. J. Dent. 2014, 8, 493–497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bains, M.; Reynolds, P.A.; McDonald, F.; Sherriff, M. Effectiveness and Acceptability of Face-to-Face, Blended and e-Learning: A Randomised Trial of Orthodontic Undergraduates. Eur. J. Dent. Educ. Off. J. Assoc. Dent. Educ. Eur. 2011, 15, 110–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rosenberg, H.; Grad, H.A.; Matear, D.W. The Effectiveness of Computer-Aided, Self-Instructional Programs in Dental Education: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J. Dent. Educ. 2003, 67, 524–532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aly, M.; Elen, J.; Willems, G. Instructional Multimedia Program versus Standard Lecture: A Comparison of Two Methods for Teaching the Undergraduate Orthodontic Curriculum. Eur. J. Dent. Educ. Off. J. Assoc. Dent. Educ. Eur. 2004, 8, 43–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Linjawi, A.L.; Hamdan, A.M.; Perryer, D.G.; Walmsley, A.D.; Hill, K.B. Students’ Attitudes towards an on-Line Orthodontic Learning Resource. Eur. J. Dent. Educ. Off. J. Assoc. Dent. Educ. Eur. 2009, 13, 87–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rosenberg, H.; Posluns, J.; Tenenbaum, H.C.; Tompson, B.; Locker, D. Evaluation of Computer-Aided Learning in Orthodontics. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. Off. Publ. Am. Assoc. Orthod. Its Const. Soc. Am. Board Orthod. 2010, 138, 410–419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rosa, Q.F.; Barcelos, T.M.; Kaizer, M.R.; Montagner, A.F.; Sarkis-Onofre, R.; Masotti, A.S.; Jardim, P.S.; Pereira-Cenci, T.; Oliveira, E.F.; Cenci, M.S. Do Educational Methods Affect Students’ Ability to Remove Artificial Carious Dentine? A Randomised Controlled Trial. Eur. J. Dent. Educ. Off. J. Assoc. Dent. Educ. Eur. 2013, 17, 154–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schorn-Borgmann, S.; Lippold, C.; Wiechmann, D.; Stamm, T. The Effect of E-Learning on the Quality of Orthodontic Appliances. Adv. Med. Educ. Pract. 2015, 6, 545–552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, M.S.; Horrocks, E.N.; Evans, R.D. Video versus Lecture: Effective Alternatives for Orthodontic Auxiliary Training. Br. J. Orthod. 1998, 25, 191–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Asiry, M.A. Dental Students’ Perceptions of an Online Learning. Saudi Dent. J. 2017, 29, 167–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hart, T.; Bird, D.; Farmer, R. Using Blackboard Collaborate, a Digital Web Conference Tool, to Support Nursing Students Placement Learning: A Pilot Study Exploring Its Impact. Nurse Educ. Pract. 2019, 38, 72–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pei, L.; Wu, H. Does Online Learning Work Better than Offline Learning in Undergraduate Medical Education? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Med. Educ. Online 2019, 24, 1666538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Pilcher, E.S. Students’ Evaluation of Online Course Materials in Fixed Prosthodontics: A Case Study. Eur. J. Dent. Educ. Off. J. Assoc. Dent. Educ. Eur. 2001, 5, 53–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zitzmann, N.U.; Matthisson, L.; Ohla, H.; Joda, T. Digital Undergraduate Education in Dentistry: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 2020, 17, 3269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lima, M.S.; Tonial, F.G.; Basei, E.; Brew, M.C.; Grossmann, E.; Haddad, A.E.; Rivaldo, E.G.; Vargas, I.A.; Bavaresco, C.S. Effectiveness of the Distance Learning Strategy Applied to Orthodontics Education: A Systematic Literature Review. Telemed. E-Health 2019, 25, 1134–1143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ludwig, B.; Bister, D.; Schott, T.C.; Lisson, J.A.; Hourfar, J. Assessment of Two E-Learning Methods Teaching Undergraduate Students Cephalometry in Orthodontics. Eur. J. Dent. Educ. 2016, 20, 20–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mehta, S.; Clarke, F.; Fleming, P.S. An Assessment of Student Experiences and Learning Based on a Novel Undergraduate E-Learning Resource. Br. Dent. J. 2016, 221, 131–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shrivastava, K.J.; Nahar, R.; Parlani, S.; Murthy, V.J. A Cross-Sectional Virtual Survey to Evaluate the Outcome of Online Dental Education System among Undergraduate Dental Students across India amid COVID-19 Pandemic. Eur. J. Dent. Educ. Off. J. Assoc. Dent. Educ. Eur. 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, K.; Zhang, L.; Ye, L. A Nationwide Survey of Online Teaching Strategies in Dental Education in China. J. Dent. Educ. 2021, 85, 128–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moazami, F.; Bahrampour, E.; Azar, M.R.; Jahedi, F.; Moattari, M. Comparing Two Methods of Education (Virtual versus Traditional) on Learning of Iranian Dental Students: A Post-Test Only Design Study. BMC Med. Educ. 2014, 14, 45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Linjawi, A.I.; Alfadda, L.S. Students’ Perception, Attitudes, and Readiness toward Online Learning in Dental Education in Saudi Arabia: A Cohort Study. Adv. Med. Educ. Pract. 2018, 9, 855–863. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Abbasi, M.S.; Ahmed, N.; Sajjad, B.; Alshahrani, A.; Saeed, S.; Sarfaraz, S.; Alhamdan, R.S.; Vohra, F.; Abduljabbar, T. E-Learning Perception and Satisfaction among Health Sciences Students amid the COVID-19 Pandemic. Work Read. Mass 2020, 67, 549–556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tuladhar, S.L.; Pradhan, D.; Parajuli, U.; Manandhar, P.; Subedi, N. Study on the Effectiveness of Online Classes for Undergraduate Medical and Dental Students of Gandaki Medical College during COVID 19 Pandemic Period in Nepal. Orthod. J. Nepal 2020, 10, 36–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gormley, G.J.; Collins, K.; Boohan, M.; Bickle, I.C.; Stevenson, M. Is There a Place for E-Learning in Clinical Skills? A Survey of Undergraduate Medical Students’ Experiences and Attitudes. Med. Teach. 2009, 31, e6–e12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Soltanimehr, E.; Bahrampour, E.; Imani, M.M.; Rahimi, F.; Almasi, B.; Moattari, M. Effect of Virtual versus Traditional Education on Theoretical Knowledge and Reporting Skills of Dental Students in Radiographic Interpretation of Bony Lesions of the Jaw. BMC Med. Educ. 2019, 19, 233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- González-Gómez, F.; Guardiola, J.; Martín Rodríguez, Ó.; Montero Alonso, M.Á. Gender Differences in E-Learning Satisfaction. Comput. Educ. 2012, 58, 283–290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Belcher, J.V.R.; Vonderhaar, K.J. Web-Delivered Research-Based Nursing Staff Education for Seeking Magnet Status. J. Nurs. Adm. 2005, 35, 382–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Flynn, W.; Kumar, N.; Donovan, R.; Jones, M.; Vickerton, P. Delivering Online Alternatives to the Anatomy Laboratory: Early Experience during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Clin. Anat. 2021, 34, 757–765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- AlKarani, A.S.; Al Thobaity, A. Medical Staff Members’ Experiences with Blackboard at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. J. Multidiscip. Healthc. 2020, 13, 1629–1634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fadelelmoula, T. The Impact of Class Attendance on Student Performance—International Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences—Net Journals. Int. Res. J. Med. Med. Sci. 2018, 6, 47–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lewis, H.; Onyefulu, C. Assessing Undergraduate Students’ Class Attendance and Academic Performance in a Psychology Course at the University of Technology, Jamaica. Open Access Libr. J. 2020, 7, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Samra, R.K.; Nirola, A.; Verma, A.; Nagpal, A.; Thakur, M. Dental Students’ Perception on the Impact of E-Learning in Continuing Dental Education during the Current Pandemic Scenario. Indian J. Dent. Sci. 2021, 13, 61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Course Learning Outcomes | |
---|---|
1 | Knowledge and Understanding: By the end of the course, the student will be able to: |
1.1 | Describe the biology and mechanics of tooth movement. |
1.2 | Discuss the various types of anchorage in orthodontics. |
1.3 | Describe the fundamentals of identification and management of different malocclusions and dental and skeletal discrepancies. |
2 | Skills: By the end of the course, the student will be able to: |
2.1 | Interpret the findings and make a proper diagnosis of various malocclusions. |
2.2 | Formulate an appropriate treatment plan for a specific malocclusion. |
2.3 | Differentiate between the various components of orthodontic appliances and orthodontic instruments and summarize their uses. |
2.4 | Manipulate an orthodontic wire to construct basic components of simple removable appliances. |
3 | Values: By the end of the course, the student will be able to: |
3.1 | Demonstrate punctuality, ethical behaviors and professional attitudes |
Category | Traditional Group (N) | Virtual Group (N) | Total (N) | |
Gender | Males | 47 | 50 | 97 |
Females | 59 | 42 | 101 | |
Both | 106 | 93 | 198 | |
Category | Traditional Group Median (IQR) | Virtual Group Median (IQR) | Total Median (IQR) | |
Age | 23 (23–23) | 23 (23–24) | 23 (23–24) | |
GPA * | 4.14 (3.67–4.47) | 4.35 (4.02–4.55) | 4.23 (3.81–4.52) | |
Midterm | 11.25 (10.5–12.25) | 10.50 (9.00–12.00) | 11 (9.50–12.25) | |
OSCE | 6.5 (5.5–7.5) | 6.75 (5.50–8.00) | 6.50 (5.50–7.50) | |
Final spotter | 7.50 (6.5–9) | 8.30 (7.22–8.89) | 8 (6.75–8.89) | |
Final theory | 22.5 (20–25) | 24 (22.00–26.50) | 23 (20.50–25.50) | |
General average score | 48.38 (41.75–52.50) | 48.58 (43.89–53.22) | 48.53 (42.50–53.06) |
Traditional Group | Virtual Group | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Median (Range) | Median (Range) | ||
Knowledge | 33.25 (23) | 34.5 (23.5) | 0.230 |
Skills | 14.25 (11.75) | 14.61 (11.61) | 0.400 |
Gender | Evaluation Type | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median (Range) | Median (Range) | |||||
Overall | Males | Females | Overall | Traditional Group | Virtual Group | |
Midterm | 11 (10) | 10.75 (10) | 11.03 (11.25) | 11 (10) * | 11.25 (9) * | 10.5 (10) |
OSCE | 6.5 (8) | 6.5 (8) | 6.5 (8) | 16 (27) | 6.5 (8) | 6.75 (8) |
Spotter | 8 (7.5) | 8 (5.5) | 7.8 (7.5) | 8 (7.5) | 7.5 (7.5) | 8.33 (4.44) |
Final theory | 23 (17.5) * | 23 (13.5) | 23.5 (17.5) * | 18.5 (23) * | 22.5 (17) | 24 (14) * |
GPA | ||
---|---|---|
Traditional Group (R) | Virtual Group (R) | |
Knowledge | 0.81 | 0.83 |
Skills | 0.62 | 0.69 |
Midterm | 0.71 | 0.67 |
OSCE | 0.52 | 0.50 |
Spotter | 0.52 | 0.70 |
Final Theory | 0.75 | 0.81 |
Traditional Group | Virtual Group | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Males (n = 47) | Females (n = 59) | Males (n = 50) | Females (n = 42) | |
Midterm | 11 ± 1.82 a | 11.25 ± 1.77 | 10.18 ± 2.35 | 10.72 ± 2.23 |
OSCE | 6.55 ± 1.50 | 6.40 ± 1.51 | 6.33 ± 1.75 | 6.80 ± 1.60 |
Spotter | 7.8 ± 1.43 | 7.64 ± 1.88 | 7.9 ± 1.06 | 7.91 ± 1.01 |
Final theory | 22.02 ± 3.15 | 22.35 ± 3.67 | 22.93 ± 3.22 * | 24.29 ± 3.27 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Hakami, Z. Comparison between Virtual and Traditional Learning Methods for Orthodontic Knowledge and Skills in Dental Students: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Healthcare 2021, 9, 1092. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/healthcare9091092
Hakami Z. Comparison between Virtual and Traditional Learning Methods for Orthodontic Knowledge and Skills in Dental Students: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Healthcare. 2021; 9(9):1092. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/healthcare9091092
Chicago/Turabian StyleHakami, Zaki. 2021. "Comparison between Virtual and Traditional Learning Methods for Orthodontic Knowledge and Skills in Dental Students: A Quasi-Experimental Study" Healthcare 9, no. 9: 1092. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/healthcare9091092