Stakes and Challenges for Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Era of Blue Growth and the Role of Spatial Planning: Implications and Prospects in Greece
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. About Underwater Cultural Heritage
2.1. Definitions and Terms
2.2. Stakes and Challenges for UCH in the Era of the Blue Growth Trend and the Role of Spatial Planning
3. Considering the UCH Parameter in MSP
3.1. Maritime Protection Zones and UCH
3.2. Sea-Use Planning in Areas Including UCH: Identifying Synergies and Conflicts
4. Implications and Prospects in Greece
4.1. The Context and Legislation for UCH Management and Preservation
4.2. UCH Sites and Designations
4.3. The Blue Growth Trend and the Role of MSP in Greece: Challenges for UCH
5. Conclusions and Discussion
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Bailey, G.N.; Flemming, N. Archaeology of the continental shelf: Marine resources, submerged landscapes and underwater archaeology. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2018, 27, 2153–2165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dromgoole, S. Underwater Cultural Heritage and International Law; University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2013; Volume 101. [Google Scholar]
- Brodie, N.; Tubb, K.W. Illicit Antiquities: The Theft of Culture and the Extinction of Archaeology; Routledge: London, UK, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Carducci, G. New Developments in the Law of the Sea: The UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage. Am. J. Int. Law 2002, 96, 419–434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dromgoole, S. UNESCO convention on the protection of the underwater cultural heritage. Int. J. Mar. Coast. Law 2001, 18, 59–108. [Google Scholar]
- Migliorino, L. In situ protection of the underwater cultural heritage under international treaties and national legislation. Int. J. Mar. Coast. Law 1995, 10, 483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Strati, A. Deep seabed cultural property and the common heritage of mankind. Int. Comp. Law Quart. 1991, 40, 859–894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, H.; Couper, A. The management of the underwater cultural heritage. J. Cult. Herit. 2003, 4, 25–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Whitehead, J.C.; Finney, S.S. Willingness to pay for submerged maritime cultural resources. J. Cult. Econ. 2003, 27, 231–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Claesson, S. An ecosystem-based framework for governance and management of maritime cultural heritage in the USA. Mar. Pol. 2009, 3, 698–706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Daire, M.Y.; Lopez-Romero, E.; Proust, J.N.; Regnauld, H.; Pian, S.; Shi, B. Coastal changes and cultural heritage (1): Assessment of the vulnerability of the coastal heritage in Western France. J. Isl Coast. Arch. 2012, 7, 168–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McVey, J.; Erlandson, J. As the world warms: Rising seas, coastal archaeology, and the erosion of maritime history. Coast. Conserv. 2012, 16, 137–142. [Google Scholar]
- Durán, R.; Farizo, B.A.; Vázquez, M.X. Conservation of maritime cultural heritage: A discrete choice experiment in a European Atlantic Region. Mar. Pol. 2015, 51, 356–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Graham, B. Heritage as knowledge: Capital or culture? Urban Stud. 2002, 39, 1003–1017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Orams, M. Marine Tourism: Development, Impacts and Management; Routledge: London, UK; New York, NY, USA, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Hall, M. Trends in ocean and coastal tourism: The end of the last frontier? Ocean Coast. Manag. 2001, 44, 601–618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, H.; Maes, F.; Stojanovic, T.; Ballinger, R. The integration of land and marine spatial planning. J. Coast. Conserv. Plan. 2011, 15, 291–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA). Ecosystem and Humans’ Well-Being: Synthesis; Island Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Papageorgiou, M. Underwater cultural heritage facing spatial planning: Legislative and technical issues. J. Ocean Coast. Manag. 2018, 165, 195–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Douvere, F. The importance of Marine Spatial Planning in advancing ecosystem-based sea use management. Mar. Pol. 2008, 32, 762–771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gilliland, P.; Laffoley, D. Key elements and steps in the process of developing ecosystem-based marine spatial planning. Mar. Pol. 2008, 32, 787–796. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ehler, C.; Douvere, F. Marine Spatial Planning: A Step by Step Approach toward Ecosystem-Based Management; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and Man and the Biosphere Programme; IOC Manual and Guides No 53, ICAm Dossier No 6; UNESCO: Paris, France, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- ICES Advisory Committee on Ecosystems: Report of the Regional Ecosystem Study Group for the North Sea. Nantes, France, 2003. Available online: http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Expert%20Group%20Report/rmc/2003/regns/regns03.pdf (accessed on 30 September 2018).
- Papageorgiou, M.; Kyvelou, S. Aspects of marine spatial planning and governance: Adapting to the transboundary nature and the special conditions of the sea. Eur. J. Environ. Sci. 2018, 8, 31–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maes, F. The international legal framework for marine spatial planning. Mar Policy. 2008, 3, 797–810. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Edgar, G.J.; Russ, G.R.; Babcock, R.C. Marine protected areas. In Marine Ecology; Connell, S.D., Gillanders, B.M., Eds.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2007; pp. 534–565. [Google Scholar]
- Barr, B. Understanding and managing marine protected areas through integrated ecosystem based management within maritime cultural landscapes: Moving from theory to practice. Ocean Coast. Manag. 2013, 84, 184–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hutchinson, G. Threats to underwater cultural heritage. The problems of unprotected archaeological and historic sites, wrecks and objects found at sea. Mar. Pol. 1996, 20, 287–290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Flatman, J. Conserving Marine Cultural Heritage: Threats, Risks and Future Priorities. Conserv. Manag. Archaeol. Sites 2009, 11, 5–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Van Haelst, S.; Pieters, M.; Demerre, I. Aggregate extraction versus archaeological heritage: How to reach a win-win? In Which Future for the Sand Extraction in the Belgian Part of the North Sea? Study Day; De Mol, L., Vandenreyken, H., Eds.; 2014; Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maarten_De_Jong5/publication/267211484_Deep_large-scale_sand_extraction_and_ecological_landscaping_short-term_impact_results_from_the_Rotterdam_harbour_Maasvlakte_2_borrow_pit/links/5447e1ca0cf2d62c305252cc.pdf (accessed on 30 September 2018).
- Reeder-Myers, L.A. Cultural heritage at risk in the twenty-first century: A vulnerability assessment of coastal archaeological sites in the United States. J. Isl. Coast. Archaeol. 2015, 10, 436–445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Claesson, S. The value and valuation of maritime cultural heritage. Int. J. Cult. Prop. 2011, 18, 61–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khakzad, S.; Pieters, M.; Van Balen, K. Coastal cultural heritage: A resource to be included in integrated coastal zone management. Ocean Coast. Manag. 2015, 118, 110–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dromgoole, S. Revisiting the relationship between marine scientific research and the underwater cultural heritage. Int. J. Mar. Coast. Law. 2010, 25, 33–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Daugstad, K.; Rønningen, K.; Skar, B. Agriculture as an upholder of cultural heritage? Conceptualizations and value judgements—A Norwegian perspective in international context. J. Rural Stud. 2006, 22, 67–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Flores-de la Hoya, A.; Godínez-Domínguez, E.; González-Sansón, G. Rapid assessment of coastal underwater spots for their use as recreational scuba diving sites. Ocean Coast. Manag. 2018, 152, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beriatos, E.; Papageorgiou, M.; Lainas, I.; Nikolakopoulou, C. Towards a sustainable management of cultural heritage in Greek cities and Regions: The role of spatial planning. In Proceedings of the 47th ISOCARP Congress Liveable cities–Urbanizing World: Meeting the Challenge. Available online: http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/2055.pdf (accessed on 30 September 2018).
- Christofilopoulos, C. Cultural Environment—Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development: Shaping Cultural (Man-Made) Environment through Spatial and Urban Planning: The City of the 21st Century; P.N. Sakkoulas: Athens, Greece, 2002. (In Greek) [Google Scholar]
- Trova, E. The Cultural Environment in the Constitution; Sakkoulas: Athens, Greece, 2003. (In Greek) [Google Scholar]
- Papageorgiou, M. Planning practices for the protection of cultural heritage in Greece: Lessons learnt from the Greek UNESCO sites. Eur. Spat. Res. Pol. 2015, 22, 111–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Papageorgiou, M. Marine Spatial Planning and the Greek experience. Mar. Pol. 2016, 74, 18–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Papageorgiou, M. Spatial planning in transition in Greece: A critical overview. Eur. Plan. Stud. 2017, 25, 1818–1833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
1932 | Buffer zone of 500 m radius (zone giving jurisdiction to the Ministry of Culture over building permissions) |
1950 | Landscapes of outstanding natural beauty (zone transferred to the Ministry for the Environment in 2011) |
2002 | Protection zone A and protection zone B |
Regions | Total (Underwater *) | First and Last Year of Designation | UCH Period of Construction |
---|---|---|---|
Peloponnese | 21 (2) | 1950–2009 | Bronze Age up to post-Byzantine Era |
North Aegean | 17 (8) | 1960–2006 | Prehistoric Era up to Byzantine Era |
South Aegean | 16 (7) | 1948–2012 | Prehistoric Era up to post-Byzantine Era |
Crete | 13 (4) | 1967–2005 | Bronze Age up to modern Greek Era |
Thessaly | 10 (5) | 1965–2004 | Classical Era up to post-Byzantine Era |
Attica | 8 (2) | 1979–2003 | Bronze Age up to Early Byzantine Era |
Central Greece | 7 (2) | 1985–2001 | Classical Era up to post-Byzantine Era |
Ionian Islands | 3 (-) | 1994–2003 | Late Bronze Age up to post-Byzantine Era |
Central Macedonia | 2 (2) | 1987–2003 | Prehistoric Era up to Byzantine Era |
Eastern Macedonia | 1 (-) | 1987 | Classical Era |
Epirus | - | - | - |
Western Greece | - | - | - |
TOTAL | 88 | 1948–2012 | - |
© 2019 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Papageorgiou, M. Stakes and Challenges for Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Era of Blue Growth and the Role of Spatial Planning: Implications and Prospects in Greece. Heritage 2019, 2, 1060-1069. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/heritage2020069
Papageorgiou M. Stakes and Challenges for Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Era of Blue Growth and the Role of Spatial Planning: Implications and Prospects in Greece. Heritage. 2019; 2(2):1060-1069. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/heritage2020069
Chicago/Turabian StylePapageorgiou, Marilena. 2019. "Stakes and Challenges for Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Era of Blue Growth and the Role of Spatial Planning: Implications and Prospects in Greece" Heritage 2, no. 2: 1060-1069. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/heritage2020069