Occurrence and Toxicological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Resources of Southern China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. Chemical Analysis
2.3. Human Health Risk Assessment
2.3.1. CDI for Heavy Metals Indices
2.3.2. HQ Indices for Heavy Metals
2.3.3. Carcinogenic Risk for PAHs
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Concentration and Distribution
3.2. Profiles and Sources
3.3. Risk Assessment
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NO. | Sample Site | Type of Water | Daily Production (m3) | Number of Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | Longtang waterworks | Drinking water of Haikou city | 290,000 | 1.77 million |
S2 | Chitian reservoir | Drinking water resource of Sanya city | 150,000 | 0.57 million |
S3 | Pinggang reservoir | Drinking water resource of Zhuhai and Macau | 1,000,000 | 2.15 million |
S4 | Dongjiang reservoir | Drinking water resource of Dongguan | 2,400,000 | 6.95 million |
S5 | Yongjiang reservoir | Drinking water resource of Nanning | 1,120,000 | 3.45 million |
S6 | Xunjiang reservoir | Drinking water resource of Wuzhou | NA | 0.53 million |
S7 | Liujiang reservoir | Drinking water resource of Liuzhou | NA | 1.40 million |
S8 | Suyan reservoir | Drinking water resource of Yulin | 110,000 | 1.10 million |
S9 | Guilin waterworks | Drinking water of Guilin | 100,000 | 0.97 million |
PAH Compounds | Range (ng/L) | Mean (ng/L) | Mid (ng/L) |
---|---|---|---|
Acp | nd–19.73 | 12.82 | 18.99 |
Flur | nd–22.33 | 7.06 | nd |
Phe | nd–23.87 | 14.23 | 20.52 |
Ant | nd–24.29 | 14.7 | 21.31 |
Pyr | nd–19.10 | 6.29 | nd |
BaA | nd–16.59 | 1.84 | nd |
BaP | nd–19.79 | 2.2 | nd |
Ind | nd–21.91 | 2.43 | nd |
DBahA | nd-16.51 | 3.67 | nd |
∑PAHs | 16.59–108.91 | 65.25 | 60.82 |
Location | Type of Water | PAHs | PAHs Range (ng/L) | Reference | Date of Sampling |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chongqing and Hubei province, China | The three gorges reservoir | 16 | 13.8–97.2 | [37] | 2008 |
Gansu Province, China | Yellow River | 16 | 548–2598 | [9] | 2013 |
Guangdong Province, China | Pearl River Delta | 16 | 92.8–324 | [11] | 2016 |
Guangxi Province, China | Underground River of Dashiwei | 16 | 54.7–192.0 | [41] | NA |
Guizhou Province, China | Hongfeng Lake | 16 | 167.1–336.4 | [42] | 2005 |
Henan Province, China | Yellow River | 15 | 185–2182 | [43] | 2004 |
Hubei Province, China | Wuhan reach of Yangtze River | 11 | 242–6235 | [44] | 2005 |
Jiangsu Province, China | Lake Taihu | 16 | 45.4–232.74 | [45] | 2010 |
Shandong Province, China | Yellow River Estuary | 16 | 8.51–402.84 | [46] | 2013 |
Yunnan Province, China | Groundwater and Kuaize River | 13 | 58.0–275.5 | [47] | 2007 |
Zhejiang Province, China | Qiantang River | 15 | 70.3–1844 | [10] | 2005–2006 |
England | Wyre River | 28 | 2.7–20 | [40] | 2010–2011 |
Italy | Tiber River | 16 | 1.75–608 | [48] | 2014–2015 |
Brazil | Japaratuba River | 16 | 4.4–119 | [38] | 2016–2017 |
India | Gomti River | 16 | 0.06–84.21 | [39] | 2004–2006 |
Heavy Metals | Range (µg/L) | Mean (µg/L) | Mid (µg/L) |
---|---|---|---|
Cr | nd–0.44 | 0.48 | nd |
Ni | nd–0.69 | 0.36 | 0.25 |
Cu | nd–0.62 | 0.1 | nd |
Zn | nd–0.76 | 4.26 | 0.23 |
As | 0.25–1.43 | 0.97 | 1.15 |
Cd | nd–0.007 | nd | nd |
Hg | 0.102–1.12 | 0.32 | 0.21 |
Pb | nd–0.60 | 0.1 | nd |
∑HMs | 3.44–36.63 | 8.35 | 11.17 |
CDIi | HQi | CDId | HQd | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cr | 2.56 × 10−3 | 0.00–5.12 × 10−3 | 0.00–4.51 × 10−7 | 0.00–3.01 × 10−5 |
Ni | 0.00–7.77 × 10−3 | 0.00–3.89 × 10−4 | 0.00–1.37 × 10−6 | 0.00–2.54 × 10−7 |
Cu | 0.00–3.66 × 10−3 | 0.00–9.14 × 10−5 | 0.00–6.44 × 10−7 | 0.00–5.37 × 10−8 |
Zn | 0.00–0.0182 | 0.00–6.08 × 10−4 | 0.00–3.21 × 10−5 | 0.00–5.35 × 10−7 |
As | 1.44 × 10−3–8.39 × 10−3 | 4.81 × 10−3–2.80 × 10−2 | 2.54 × 10−7–1.48 × 10−6 | 2.07 × 10−6–1.20 × 10−5 |
Cd | 0.00–4.11 × 10−5 | 0.00–8.22 × 10−5 | 0.00–7.24 × 10−9 | 0.00–1.45 × 10−6 |
Hg | 5.99 × 10−4–6.58 × 10−3 | 4.28 × 10−5–4.70 × 10−4 | 1.05 × 10−7–1.159 × 10−6 | 3.52 × 10−7–3.86 × 10−6 |
Pb | 0.00–3.53 × 10−3 | 0.00–9.80 × 10−6 | 0.00–6.21 × 10−7 | 0.00–6.67 × 10−7 |
HI | 4.86 × 10−3–3.45 × 10−2 | 5.08 × 10−6–4.87 × 10−5 |
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Yan, M.; Nie, H.; Wang, W.; Huang, Y.; Wang, J. Occurrence and Toxicological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Resources of Southern China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1422. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph15071422
Yan M, Nie H, Wang W, Huang Y, Wang J. Occurrence and Toxicological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Resources of Southern China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(7):1422. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph15071422
Chicago/Turabian StyleYan, Muting, Huayue Nie, Wenjing Wang, Yumei Huang, and Jun Wang. 2018. "Occurrence and Toxicological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Resources of Southern China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 7: 1422. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph15071422