Pre-Pregnancy BMI Influences the Association of Dietary Quality and Gestational Weight Gain: The SECOST Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Location
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Dietary Assessment
2.4. Healthy Eating Index (HEI)
2.5. Anthropometric Measurements
2.6. Other Variables
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | n (%) | Mean ± SD |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 30.16 ± 4.51 | |
≤30 | 229 (47.7) | |
>30 | 251 (52.3) | |
Ethnicity | ||
Malay | 427 (89.0) | |
Non-Malay | 53 (11.0) | |
Education level (years) | 12.95 ± 2.41 | |
Secondary and lower | 221 (46.0) | |
STPM/ matric/ diploma/ certificate | 157 (32.7) | |
Tertiary and above | 102 (21.3) | |
Occupation status | ||
Unemployed | 148 (30.8) | |
Employed | 332 (69.2) | |
Monthly household income (RM) 1 | 3698.30 ± 2034.20 | |
Low (<3860) | 305 (63.5) | |
Middle (3860–8319) | 161 (33.5) | |
High (≥8320) | 14 (2.9) | |
Household size | 3.78 ± 1.63 | |
≤2 | 116 (24.2) | |
3–4 | 240 (50.0) | |
≥5 | 124 (25.8) | |
Gravidity | 2.46 ± 1.48 | |
1 | 155 (32.3) | |
2 | 132 (27.5) | |
≥3 | 193 (40.2) | |
Parity | 1.22 ± 1.29 | |
0 | 176 (36.7) | |
1–2 | 229 (47.7) | |
≥3 | 75 (15.6) | |
Medical history of GDM | ||
No | 444 (92.5) | |
Yes | 36 (7.5) | |
Family history of diabetes mellitus | ||
No | 351 (73.1) | |
Yes | 129 (26.9) | |
Height (m) | 1.56 ± 0.06 | |
<1.55 | 176 (36.7) | |
1.55–1.58 | 144 (30.0) | |
≥1.59 | 160 (33.3) | |
Pre-pregnancy weight (kg) | 59.11 ± 13.57 | |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 24.10 ± 5.06 | |
Underweight (<18.5) | 49 (10.2) | |
Normal (18.5–24.9) | 255 (53.1) | |
Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 107 (22.3) | |
Obese (≥30.0) | 69 (14.4) | |
Physical activity (MET-hours/week) | ||
2nd trimester | 264.58 ± 118.06 | |
3rd trimester | 249.56 ± 107.36 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) 1 | GWG in kg | Rates of GWG in kg/week 2,3 | Total Weight Gain in kg 2,3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st Trimester | 2nd Trimester | 3rd Trimester | |||||
Median (IQR) | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | I | A | E | ||
Underweight (n = 49) | 3.00 (4.25) | 0.46 ± 0.02 | 0.40 ± 0.03 | 12.93 ± 0.54 | 22 (44.9) | 22 (44.9) | 5 (10.2) |
Normal weight (n = 255) | 2.00 (3.50) | 0.41 ± 0.01 | 0.43 ± 0.02 | 11.90 ± 0.29 | 115 (51.1) | 100 (44.4) | 40 (4.5) |
Overweight (n = 107) | 2.00 (4.00) | 0.31 ± 0.02 | 0.32 ± 0.03 | 9.49 ± 0.42 | 29 (27.1) | 47 (43.9) | 31 (29.0) |
Obese (n = 69) | 2.00 (5.05) | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.36 ± 0.04 | 9.03 ± 0.73 | 15 (21.7) | 18 (26.1) | 36 (52.2) |
Total (n = 480) | 2.00 (4.00) | 0.37 ± 0.01 | 0.39 ± 0.01 | 11.06 ± 0.23 | 181 (37.7) | 187 (39.0) | 112 (23.2) |
Variables | Possible Range of Score | 1st Trimester | 2nd Trimester | 3rd Trimester | F | p-Value | p-Value for Trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SE | |||||||
HEI component | |||||||
Cereals and grains | 0 to 10 | 8.54 ± 0.09 a,b | 9.37 ± 0.09 a,c | 7.53 ± 0.09 b,c | 97.63 | 0.001 * | 0.001 * |
Vegetables | 0 to 10 | 3.03 ± 0.14 a,b | 4.20 ± 0.14 a | 4.14 ± 0.14 b | 21.75 | 0.001 * | 0.001 * |
Fruits | 0 to 10 | 3.43 ± 0.18 | 4.00 ± 0.18 | 3.67 ± 0.18 | 2.55 | 0.07 | 0.35 |
Poultry, meat and egg | 0 to 10 | 8.48 ± 0.14 b | 8.55 ± 0.14 c | 7.52 ± 0.14 b,c | 16.06 | 0.001 * | 0.001 * |
Fish and seafood | 0 to 10 | 5.83 ± 0.20 a | 6.84 ± 0.20 a,c | 5.93 ± 0.20 c | 7.60 | 0.001 * | 0.72 |
Legumes | 0 to 10 | 2.20 ± 0.17 a,b | 1.04 ± 0.16 a,c | 3.14 ± 0.17 b,c | 40.96 | 0.001 * | 0.001 * |
Milk and milk products | 0 to 10 | 1.96 ± 0.15 a,b | 3.82 ± 0.15 a,c | 2.73 ± 0.15 b,c | 38.78 | 0.001 * | 0.001 * |
% of energy from total fat | 0 to 10 | 5.37 ± 0.21 b | 5.59 ± 0.21 b | 4.68 ± 0.21 b,c | 5.23 | 0.01 * | 0.02 * |
Sodium | 0 to 10 | 8.61 ± 0.14 a,b | 7.04 ± 0.14 a,c | 7.77 ± 0.14 b,c | 31.57 | 0.001 * | 0.001 * |
Total HEI | 0 to 100 | 52.73 ± 0.52 a | 56.10 ± 0.52 a,c | 52.76 ± 0.52 c | 14.01 | 0.001 * | 0.001 * |
Diet Quality | Inadequate GWG | Excessive GWG | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
aOR (95% CI) | p-Value | aOR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Total HEI score | ||||
1st trimester | 1.01 [0.99–1.02] | 0.68 | 1.02 [0.99–1.03] | 0.52 |
2nd trimester | 0.98 [0.96–0.98] | 0.03 * | 1.01 [0.98–1.03] | 0.33 |
3rd trimester | 0.99 [0.97–1.01] | 0.60 | 1.04 [1.01–1.06] | 0.01 * |
Interaction term 1 | ||||
Pre-pregnancy BMI x total HEI score (1st trimester) | 1.01 [0.99–1.00] | 0.37 | 1.01 [0.99–1.03] | 0.90 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI x total HEI score (2nd trimester) | 0.99 [0.99–1.00] | 0.05 | 1.01 [1.01–1.02] | 0.001 ** |
Pre-pregnancy BMI x total HEI score (3rd trimester) | 1.02 [0.99–1.01] | 0.51 | 1.02 [1.01–1.04] | 0.001 ** |
Diet Quality | Inadequate GWG | Excessive GWG | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
aOR [95% CI] | p-Value | aOR [95% CI] | p-Value | |
Non-overweight/obese (n = 304) | ||||
Total HEI | ||||
1st trimester | 1.01 [0.98–1.03] | 0.74 | 1.02 [0.99–1.05] | 0.34 |
2nd trimester | 0.97 [0.95–0.99] | 0.01 * | 0.99 [0.96–1.02] | 0.44 |
3rd trimester | 0.99 [0.97–1.01] | 0.27 | 1.04 [1.01–1.07] | 0.03 * |
Overweight/obese (n = 176) | ||||
Total HEI | ||||
1st trimester | 1.01 [0.97–1.04] | 0.69 | 0.99 [0.97–1.03] | 0.95 |
2nd trimester | 1.00 [0.96–1.03] | 0.82 | 1.04 [1.01–1.07] | 0.02 * |
3rd trimester | 1.01 [0.97–1.05] | 0.50 | 1.04 [1.01–1.08] | 0.02 * |
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Yong, H.Y.; Mohd Shariff, Z.; Mohd Yusof, B.N.; Rejali, Z.; Tee, Y.Y.S.; Bindels, J.; van der Beek, E.M. Pre-Pregnancy BMI Influences the Association of Dietary Quality and Gestational Weight Gain: The SECOST Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3735. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16193735
Yong HY, Mohd Shariff Z, Mohd Yusof BN, Rejali Z, Tee YYS, Bindels J, van der Beek EM. Pre-Pregnancy BMI Influences the Association of Dietary Quality and Gestational Weight Gain: The SECOST Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(19):3735. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16193735
Chicago/Turabian StyleYong, Heng Yaw, Zalilah Mohd Shariff, Barakatun Nisak Mohd Yusof, Zulida Rejali, Yvonne Yee Siang Tee, Jacques Bindels, and Eline M. van der Beek. 2019. "Pre-Pregnancy BMI Influences the Association of Dietary Quality and Gestational Weight Gain: The SECOST Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19: 3735. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16193735