Implementation of a Model-Based Programme to Promote Personal and Social Responsibility and Its Effects on Motivation, Prosocial Behaviours, Violence and Classroom Climate in Primary and Secondary Education
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Instruments
2.3.1. Questionnaires for Students
2.3.2. Instruments for Teachers
2.4. Procedure
TPSR Intervention Programme
2.5. Intervention Programme prior to TPSR
2.6. Teacher Specific Professional Development
2.7. Fidelity of Implementation
2.8. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Strategies Used by Teachers to Promote Responsibility
3.2. Normality Analysis
3.3. Inferential Analysis
3.4. Interview Results
3.4.1. Opinion regarding TPSR (What is your opinion on the Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility model compared to your previous lessons?)
Teacher A (Secondary Physical Education Teacher): “It was somewhat complicated at the beginning, but 2–3 weeks later lessons became easier to give and to control, and students’ predisposition increased”.
Teacher B (Primary Tutor Teacher): “Yes, I believe it has been very positive, very useful for groups with behaviour problems. It would be advisable to keep working with this group of students, as positive results start to be perceivable. This working model brings to light the need to educate students to be socially responsible, beyond the mere knowledge acquisition, which is actually included in most of the goals for this period”.
Teacher C (Primary English Teacher): “I liked it. Up to now, the traditional way of teaching has had results on the personality development that we cannot measure empirically. It is convenient to reconsider the current methodology in order to improve results and contribute to more responsible and humanist citizens”.
3.4.2. Possibility of keeping TPSR (Would you like to continue applying TPSR to your lessons in the future?)
Teacher A (Secondary Physical Education Teacher): “I really believe that this methodology could be used in the future, regardless of the results being used for research or not; it is very easy and especially when you get used to it”.
Teacher B (Primary Tutor Teacher): “Of course, I would like to continue using the model methodology in the future. I consider it a long-term approach, in which I still need to learn a lot. I have achieved some of the goals established and I feel very satisfied, but I am convinced that, with some training on the model, I will obtain many benefits for my students and myself”.
Teacher C (Primary English Teacher): “I would like it and it is necessary, as well as its promotion among our peers”.
3.4.3. Value acquisition through TPSR (Do you think TPSR has helped you teach your students values such as effort, respect or leadership, besides the standard academic contents?)
Teacher A (Secondary Physical Education Teacher): “I think it has helped in this regard but, since we only reached level 3 due to the time limitations, leadership could not be addressed and insufficient time was dedicated to autonomy”.
Teacher B (Primary Tutor Teacher): “Yes, all those who attend regularly have improved. Depending on the case, some have improved in all aspects and others, despite not having improved in effort or autonomy, have improved in respect”.
Teacher C (Primary English Teacher): “Yes, those are actually the values that get most attention through this model and improvements can be perceived in the short term”.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Level of Task Example | Secondary Teacher (Physical Education) | Secondary Teacher (History) | Primary Teacher (Language) | Primary Teacher (Physical Education) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Subject-matter | Fitness: tests, strength, endurance, speed and mobility | Prehistory: Paleolithic, Neolithic and metal age | Vocabulary: types of dictionary. | Cooperative-Opposition games |
Spelling: accentuation rules | ||||
Grammar: text, | ||||
paragraph, sentence | ||||
and word | ||||
Latin dancing: salsa and merengue | Old Age: Egypt, Greece and Rome | Vocabulary: synonyms and antonyms | Volleyball: technique and tactic | |
Spelling: accentuation | Physical condition: test and comparison of outcomes | |||
Grammar: syntax | ||||
Task example Level 1 | Circuit training: in groups of 4–5 people. They have to do a number of repetitions in every station, student may do them or not but at least they have to go together. | Historic timeline: in groups 4–5 people. They have to draw a timeline with the events that occurred during the studied periods, giving to the students the choice not to participate but respecting the rest of the mates. | Literature: in small groups of 5 people, read the book “The Little Prince”. Every student has to write the character with he/she feels more represented, making a story among all of them and telling the rest of the groups. Those who do not want to participate can only write their character. | Dodge ball game, with two fields and three cemeteries. Students who do not want to play, can be settled in the central cemetery to retrieve balls that go out and leave them in the centre to be taken by the fastest player. |
Task example Level 2 | Creating a choreography: students have to create a merengue choreography where everyone has to contribute with an individual step and participate in the group choreography. | Punic Wars: from an event list, students have to answer as many questions as they can individually. | Syntax: each student receives a list with 10 syntax problems, in progression of complexity. Each student tries to solve all that he/she can receiving a point or a reward for each sentence he/she gets to do rightly | A volleyball reduced game: they have to play a 4 vs 4 match and they have in a Borg scale (1–10) to up 8 points. |
Task example Level 3 | Fitness: in small groups of 4 students, have to expose to the rest of the classmates a progression routine to improve the speed, strength or endurance | The Great Battles. Students have to do an individual task where they look for information about and battle history, origin, main characters, current consequences and personal conclusions to present at the end of the learning unit to their classmates | Spelling: accentuation rules. Individually, each student has to look for on internet typical word from Murcia Region, indicating if they have the stress in the final, second-to-last or third-to-last syllable. Verbal explanation to classmates of the meaning of these words. | Individual work plan. Students after doing Alpha Fitness Children Battery and comparing their outcomes with the average values, they Will elaborate an individual work plan with 5 sessions to improve the physical ability the most like and with that with the lowest outcome |
Task example Level 4 | Fitness: groups of 5 students have to create their own circuit training with 4 stations to improve their strength. One student of the group Will be responsible for choosing the next station to go and finally, he/she explains to the rest of the groups what they have done in every one of the four stations | History of Rome: groups of 4 students, each group does its own work on the History of Rome for 5 lessons. Each lesson will have a leader who will be responsible for writing the report to be delivered to the teacher at the end of each class | Spelling: groups of 5 students play the contest “Up the pencil”. The teacher says a letter and a family of words (for example A and fruits). Each group collects as many words as possible and the leader of every group chooses only those ones which are right. When the teacher gives the final sign every leader will say all the words of his/her group had collected. | Cooperative-opposition games: groups of 4 students have to play an alternative games (for example “colpbol”. The most skilled players will help the rest of the team to get a goal. |
Task example Level 5 | Latin dancing: workshop for family students to teach a Latin dance choreography to their parents including some steps they have learnt previously during the physical education lessons. | Ancient world: An ancient theatre. Students are invited to participate in a theatre play about Punic Wars where, they can choose between being audience or actors and actresses. | Accentuation: after working accentuation and grammar rules, the game “goose of the letters” is carried out inviting the 4th grade students planning a human goose in teams with 4th level Language questions. Each 4th grade Student is accompanied by a 6th grade Student who help him but never say the answer. | Cooperative games: the 6th grade students after finishing the cooperative games unit, in the party at the end of the term, they invite the 4th students to participate in a game session lead for them. |
Variables of Study | Group | Pre-Test | Post-Test | Pre-Post Difference | Inter-Group Difference of Means | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p-Value | ŋ2 | Dif | p-Value | ||
IM to know | Control | 5.82 | 1.05 | 5.54 | 1.23 | 0.028 * | 0.24 | −0.28 | 0.006 ** |
Experimental | 5.85 | 1.05 | 6.01 | 1.04 | 0.014 * | 0.15 | 0.16 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.859 | 0.03 | 0.007 * | 0.44 | |||||
IM to experience | Control | 5.25 | 1.25 | 5.18 | 1.17 | 0.632 | 0.06 | −0.07 | 0.145 |
Experimental | 5.10 | 1.25 | 5.31 | 1.18 | 0.010 * | 0.17 | 0.21 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.452 | 0.12 | 0.509 | 0.11 | |||||
IM to accomplish | Control | 5.62 | 1.27 | 5.49 | 1.40 | 0.480 | 0.10 | −0.13 | 0.041 * |
Experimental | 5.79 | 1.13 | 6.05 | 1.03 | 0.001 ** | 0.24 | 0.26 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.346 | 0.15 | 0.002 ** | 0.51 | |||||
General IM | Control | 5.56 | 1.05 | 5.40 | 1.18 | 0.186 | 0.14 | −0.16 | 0.016 * |
Experimental | 5.58 | 1.02 | 5.79 | 0.96 | 0.001 ** | 0.21 | 0.21 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.914 | 0.02 | 0.019* | 0.39 | |||||
Identified R. | Control | 5.85 | 0.94 | 5.73 | 1.12 | 0.388 | 0.12 | −0.12 | 0.029 * |
Experimental | 5.72 | 1.15 | 6.01 | 1.00 | 0.000 ** | 0.27 | 0.29 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.404 | 0.12 | 0.090 | 0.27 | |||||
Introjected R. | Control | 5.39 | 1.25 | 5.52 | 1.44 | 0.407 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.839 |
Experimental | 5.62 | 1.14 | 5.71 | 1.11 | 0.248 | 0.08 | 0.09 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.214 | 0.20 | 0.392 | 0.16 | |||||
External R. | Control | 5.83 | 1.27 | 5.74 | 1.10 | 0.569 | 0.08 | −0.09 | 0.557 |
Experimental | 5.88 | 1.11 | 5.90 | 1.09 | 0.794 | 0.02 | 0.02 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.792 | 0.04 | 0.354 | 0.15 | |||||
Amotivation | Control | 1.65 | 1.15 | 1.31 | 0.54 | 0.049 * | 0.38 | −0.34 | 0.385 |
Experimental | 1.51 | 0.99 | 1.33 | 0.65 | 0.009 ** | 0.21 | −0.22 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.416 | 0.14 | 0.867 | 0.03 | |||||
Autonomy | Control | 3.73 | 0.68 | 3.82 | 0.91 | 0.513 | 0.11 | −0.09 | 0.221 |
Experimental | 3.55 | 0.82 | 3.81 | 0.75 | 0.000 ** | 0.33 | 0.26 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.165 | 0.23 | 0.948 | 0.01 | |||||
Competence | Control | 4.15 | 0.68 | 4.16 | 0.77 | 0.959 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.101 |
Experimental | 4.07 | 0.63 | 4.24 | 0.58 | 0.000 ** | 0.28 | 0.17 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.466 | 0.13 | 0.498 | 0.13 | |||||
Social relationships | Control | 4.37 | 0.80 | 4.19 | 0.86 | 0.078 | 0.22 | −0.18 | 0.033 * |
Experimental | 4.34 | 0.66 | 4.40 | 0.63 | 0.181 | 0.09 | 0.06 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.825 | 0.04 | 0.055 | 0.31 | |||||
Teacher climate | Control | 4.31 | 0.54 | 4.28 | 0.59 | 0.826 | 0.05 | −0.03 | 0.360 |
Experimental | 4.30 | 0.55 | 4.40 | 0.56 | 0.006 ** | 0.18 | 0.10 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.585 | 0.02 | 0.159 | 0.21 | |||||
School climate | Control | 4.01 | 0.71 | 4.01 | 0.65 | 0.482 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.079 |
Experimental | 4.16 | 0.66 | 4.26 | 0.59 | 0.007 ** | 0.16 | 0.10 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.408 | 0.22 | 0.019 * | 0.42 | |||||
Social responsibility | Control | 5.44 | 0.56 | 5.36 | 0.56 | 0.381 | 0.14 | −0.08 | 0.021 * |
Experimental | 5.37 | 0.68 | 5.49 | 0.58 | 0.000 ** | 0.19 | 0.12 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.377 | 0.11 | 0.224 | 0.23 | |||||
Personal responsibility | Control | 5.46 | 0.54 | 5.33 | 0.70 | 0.200 | 0.21 | −0.13 | 0.005 ** |
Experimental | 5.35 | 0.65 | 5.53 | 0.59 | 0.000 ** | 0.29 | 0.18 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.288 | 0.17 | 0.054 | 0.33 | |||||
Violence | Control | 2.17 | 0.80 | 2.23 | 0.86 | 0.658 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.297 |
Experimental | 1.86 | 0.62 | 1.81 | 0.69 | 0.187 | 0.08 | −0.05 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.020 * | 0.47 | 0.000 ** | 0.58 | |||||
Antisocial behaviours | Control | 2.32 | 0.93 | 2.31 | 0.84 | 0.954 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.315 |
Experimental | 1.99 | 0.74 | 1.88 | 0.74 | 0.000 ** | 0.15 | −0.11 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.009 ** | 0.43 | 0.001 ** | 0.57 | |||||
Prosocial behaviours | Control | 4.15 | 0.78 | 4.04 | 0.85 | 0.427 | 0.13 | −0.11 | 0.019 * |
Experimental | 4.09 | 0.70 | 4.26 | 0.67 | 0.000 ** | 0.25 | 0.17 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.592 | 0.08 | 0.060 | 00.31 | |||||
SDI | Control | 8.07 | 3.31 | 8.29 | 2.66 | 0.609 | 0.07 | 0.22 | 0.141 |
Experimental | 8.10 | 3.36 | 9.13 | 2.98 | 0.000 ** | 0.32 | 1.03 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.953 | 0.01 | 0.081 | 0.29 | |||||
PMI | Control | 4.08 | 0.57 | 4.06 | 0.76 | 0.769 | 0.03 | −0.02 | 0.033 * |
Experimental | 3.99 | 0.56 | 4.15 | 0.52 | 0.000 ** | 0.30 | 0.16 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.310 | 0.16 | 0.422 | 0.16 | |||||
Classroom climate | Control | 4.16 | 0.54 | 4.14 | 0.55 | 0.770 | 0.04 | −0.02 | 0.116 |
Experimental | 4.23 | 0.54 | 4.33 | 0.54 | 0.001 ** | 0.19 | 0.10 | ||
p-Value + ŋ2 | 0.430 | 0.13 | 0.040 ** | 0.35 |
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Manzano-Sánchez, D.; Valero-Valenzuela, A. Implementation of a Model-Based Programme to Promote Personal and Social Responsibility and Its Effects on Motivation, Prosocial Behaviours, Violence and Classroom Climate in Primary and Secondary Education. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4259. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16214259
Manzano-Sánchez D, Valero-Valenzuela A. Implementation of a Model-Based Programme to Promote Personal and Social Responsibility and Its Effects on Motivation, Prosocial Behaviours, Violence and Classroom Climate in Primary and Secondary Education. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(21):4259. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16214259
Chicago/Turabian StyleManzano-Sánchez, David, and Alfonso Valero-Valenzuela. 2019. "Implementation of a Model-Based Programme to Promote Personal and Social Responsibility and Its Effects on Motivation, Prosocial Behaviours, Violence and Classroom Climate in Primary and Secondary Education" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21: 4259. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16214259