The Relationship between Challenge and Hindrance Stressors and Emotional Exhaustion: The Moderating Role of Perceived Servant Leadership
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background and Hypotheses
2.1. Theoretical Background
2.2. The Effects of Challenge and Hindrance Stressors on Emotional Exhaustion
2.3. Moderating Role of Perceived Servant Leadership
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Participants and Procedures
3.2. Measures
3.2.1. Stressors
3.2.2. Perceived Servant Leadership
3.2.3. Emotional Exhaustion
3.2.4. Control Variables
3.3. Analytical Strategies
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Statistics, Reliabilities, and Intercorrelations
4.2. Normal Distribution, Collinearity, and Common Methods Bias
4.3. Convergent Validity and Discriminant Validity
4.4. Hypothesis Testing
5. Discussion
6. Implications
6.1. Theoretical Implications
6.2. Practical Implication
6.3. Limitations and Future Research
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Description | Percent (%) |
---|---|
Gender | |
Men | 26.8 |
Women | 73.2 |
Age | |
20s | 32.1 |
30s | 36.7 |
40s | 25.1 |
Above 50s | 6.1 |
Teaching tenure | |
1–10 years | 44.4 |
11–20 years | 29.5 |
21–30 years | 21.2 |
Above 30 years | 4.9 |
School level | |
Elementary school | 48.3 |
Middle school | 19.2 |
High school | 32.5 |
School type | |
Public school | 84.2 |
Private school | 15.8 |
Annual income (Thousand CNY) | |
Below 50 | 31.5 |
50–99 | 43.1 |
100–149 | 15.3 |
Above 149 | 10.1 |
Variable | Mean | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Gender | 1.73 | 0.44 | ||||||||||
2. Age | 36.49 | 9.03 | −0.27 | |||||||||
3. Tenure | 15.36 | 55.56 | −0.03 | 0.14 ** | ||||||||
4. School level | 1.84 | 0.89 | −0.17 ** | 0.13 ** | 0.03 | |||||||
5. School type | 1.16 | 0.37 | 0.04 * | −0.16 ** | −0.00 | −0.20 ** | ||||||
6. Income | 8.82 | 5.88 | −0.07 ** | 0.24 ** | 0.05 * | 0.10 ** | −0.03 | |||||
7. CS | 3.75 | 0.67 | −0.03 | −0.00 | −0.02 | −0.09 ** | −0.03 | 0.12 ** | 0.88 | |||
8. HS | 3.01 | 0.73 | −0.13 | 0.04 | −0.02 | 0.08 ** | −0.11 ** | 0.08 ** | 0.60 ** | 0.88 | ||
9. SL | 3.04 | 0.77 | 0.03 | −0.03 | 0.02 | −0.17 ** | 0.06 ** | 0.00 | −0.09 ** | −0.44 ** | 0.82 | |
10. EE | 2.65 | 0.76 | −0.03 | −0.04 * | −0.01 | −0.07 ** | −0.07 ** | −0.02 | 0.63 ** | 0.74 ** | −0.34 ** | 0.90 |
Model | χ2 | df | Δχ2 | RMSEA | CFI | TLI | SRMR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Four-factor model CS, HS, SL, EE | 3192.95 | 293 | 0.06 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.05 | |
Three-factor model CS + HS, SL, EE | 4871.60 | 296 | 1678.65 ** | 0.08 | 0.85 | 0.83 | 0.07 |
Two-factor model CS + HS + SL, EE | 5873.65 | 298 | 2680.70 ** | 0.08 | 0.81 | 0.79 | 0.07 |
One factor model CS + HS + SL+ EE | 8595.85 | 299 | 5402.90 ** | 0.10 | 0.72 | 0.69 | 0.09 |
Emotional Exhaustion | |||
---|---|---|---|
Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
Control Variables | |||
Age | −0.05 * | −0.06 ** | −0.06 ** |
School level | −0.08 ** | −0.10 ** | −0.10 ** |
School type | −0.10 ** | −0.03 * | −0.03 * |
Predictors | |||
CS | 30 ** | 0.32 ** | |
HS | 0.52 ** | 0.50 ** | |
SL | −0.11 ** | −0.12 ** | |
CS × SL | −0.04 * | ||
HS × SL | 0.07 ** | ||
R2 | 0.01 ** | 0.62 ** | 0.62 ** |
F | 12.69 ** | 718.71 ** | 544.81 ** |
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Wu, H.; Qiu, S.; Dooley, L.M.; Ma, C. The Relationship between Challenge and Hindrance Stressors and Emotional Exhaustion: The Moderating Role of Perceived Servant Leadership. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 282. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17010282
Wu H, Qiu S, Dooley LM, Ma C. The Relationship between Challenge and Hindrance Stressors and Emotional Exhaustion: The Moderating Role of Perceived Servant Leadership. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(1):282. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17010282
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Hongchao, Shaoping Qiu, Larry M. Dooley, and Congying Ma. 2020. "The Relationship between Challenge and Hindrance Stressors and Emotional Exhaustion: The Moderating Role of Perceived Servant Leadership" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1: 282. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17010282