Associations between Self-Esteem, Psychological Stress, and the Risk of Exercise Dependence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Exercise Dependence
1.2. Self-Esteem and Self-Worth
1.3. Psychological Distress
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data Analysis and Processing
3. Results
3.1. Demographics
3.2. Relationships between Self-Esteem, Weekly Exercise, Stress, and Exercise Dependence
3.3. Group Differences in Exercise-Dependence Symptoms, Stress, and Self-Esteem
3.4. Age and Gender Differences for Exercise-Dependence Symptoms, Stress, and Self-Esteem
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total (n = 203) | Men | Women | Range | Z |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exercise (Hours/Week) | 5.47 (SD = 3.0) | 5.9 (SD = 2.9) | 5.1 (SD = 3.0) | 1–21 | −2.59 ** |
Self-Esteem (RSES) | 31.8 (SD = 7.1) | 32.7 (SD = 7.25) | 31.1 (SD = 6.9) | 10–40 | −1.53 |
Stress (PSS) | 34.5 (SD = 10.8) | 32.1 (SD = 9.8) | 36.5 (SD = 11.2) | 14–70 | −2.85 ** |
Exercise Dependence (EDS) | 54.4 (SD = 21.8) | 54.5 (SD = 20.9) | 54.0 (SD = 22.4) | 21–126 | −0.33 |
Self-Esteem (RSES) | Exercise Dependence (EDS) | Weekly Training Hours | Stress (PSS) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(RSES) | 1 | |||
(EDS) | −0.597 ** | 1 | ||
Weekly Training Hours | −0.338 ** | 0.566 ** | 1 | |
(PSS) | −0.781 ** | 0.567 ** | 0.298 ** | 1 |
1–4.5 h/Week (n = 93) | 5–8.5 h/Week (n = 85) | >9 h/Week (n = 25) | |
---|---|---|---|
RSES (Mean Score, SD) | 34.2 (SD = 4.4) | 32.2 (SD = 6.4) | 21.9 (SD = 9.0) |
EDS (Mean Score, SD) | 42.9 (SD = 11.7) | 56.4 (SD = 17.2) | 89.6 (SD = 24.4) |
PSS (Mean Score, SD) | 31.9 (SD = 8.9) | 33.6 (SD = 9.7) | 47.5 (SD = 11.9) |
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Wågan, F.A.; Darvik, M.D.; Pedersen, A.V. Associations between Self-Esteem, Psychological Stress, and the Risk of Exercise Dependence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5577. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18115577
Wågan FA, Darvik MD, Pedersen AV. Associations between Self-Esteem, Psychological Stress, and the Risk of Exercise Dependence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(11):5577. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18115577
Chicago/Turabian StyleWågan, Frida Austmo, Monica Dahle Darvik, and Arve Vorland Pedersen. 2021. "Associations between Self-Esteem, Psychological Stress, and the Risk of Exercise Dependence" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 5577. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18115577