Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma: Current Approaches and Future Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
3. CAR T-Cell Therapy
4. Vaccine-Based Therapy
5. Viral Therapies
6. Cytokine Therapy
7. Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Trial Identifier | Title | Phase | Tumor Type |
---|---|---|---|
NCT02658279 | Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in Patients with Recurrent Malignant Glioma with a Hypermutator Phenotype | N/A 1 | Recurrent Glioma |
NCT04145115 | A Study Testing the Effect of Immunotherapy (Ipilimumab and Nivolumab) in Patients with Recurrent Glioblastoma with Elevated Mutational Burden | 2 | Recurrent GBM 2 |
NCT03532295 | Retifanlimab and Epacadostat in Combination with Radiation and Bevacizumab in Patients with Recurrent Gliomas | 2 | Recurrent Glioma |
NCT03661723 | Pembrolizumab and Reirradiation in Bevacizumab Naïve and Bevacizumab Resistant Recurrent Glioblastoma | 2 | Recurrent GBM |
NCT02311582 | MK-3475 in Combination with MRI-Guided Laser Ablation in Recurrent Malignant Gliomas | 1/2 | Recurrent Glioma |
NCT03277638 | Laser Interstitial Thermotherapy (LITT) Combined with CheckPoint Inhibitor for Recurrent GBM (RGBM) | 1/2 | Recurrent GBM |
Target | Summary |
---|---|
IL13Rα2 |
|
ErbB2/HER2 |
|
EGFRvIII |
|
CLTX |
|
GD2 |
|
Target/Product | Summary |
---|---|
EGFRvIII Rindopepimut |
|
Survivin SurVaxM |
|
WT1 DSP-7888 |
|
VEGFR-2 VXM01 |
|
Multipeptide IMA950 |
|
Multipeptide EO2401 |
|
Personalized Neoantigen Vaccine |
|
Personalized APVAC |
|
Dendritic Cell ICT-107 |
|
Dendritic Cell Audencel |
|
Dendritic Cell China Medical University trial |
|
Dendritic Cell DCVaxL |
|
Dendritic Cell EudraCT 2009-009879-35 trial |
|
Dendritic Cell EudraCT 2006-002881-20 trial |
|
Product | Summary |
---|---|
AdV-tk |
|
Ad-RTS-hIL-12 |
|
M032 |
|
rQNes-tin34.5v.2 |
|
oHSV G47Δ |
|
DNX-2401 |
|
CRAd-Survivin-pk7 |
|
PVSRIPO |
|
Toca 511 |
|
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Sener, U.; Ruff, M.W.; Campian, J.L. Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma: Current Approaches and Future Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 7046. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms23137046
Sener U, Ruff MW, Campian JL. Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma: Current Approaches and Future Perspectives. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(13):7046. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms23137046
Chicago/Turabian StyleSener, Ugur, Michael W. Ruff, and Jian L. Campian. 2022. "Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma: Current Approaches and Future Perspectives" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13: 7046. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms23137046