Genetic and Ecological Relationships of Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) Populations in Southern Mexico
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Environmental Factors
2.2. Collection of Anastrepha Ludens Specimens and Host Plant Species
2.3. Genotyping
2.4. Population Genetic Analysis
2.4.1. Genetic Diversity, Male and Female Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium Tests and Tests for Random Mating
2.4.2. Genetic Diversity by Factors Associated with Host Species and Locality
2.4.3. Genetic Structure
3. Results
3.1. Genetic Diversity of Males and Females per Locality
3.2. Genetic Diversity in Factors Associated with Host and Locality
3.3. Genetic Structure
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Locality Name | Longitude | Latitude | Elevation (m) | CC | CP | MI | CE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reforma | −92.32851614 | 15.0403897 | 387 | x | |||
Guadalupe | −92.27440112 | 15.01203335 | 427 | x | |||
El Triunfo | −92.22400912 | 14.98588244 | 470 | x | x | ||
San Carlos | −92.26178333 | 15.04050278 | 532 | x | |||
Toluca | −92.24566958 | 15.02878192 | 538 | x | |||
Salvador Urbina | −92.21133333 | 15.03722222 | 540 | x | |||
El Eden | −92.30475556 | 15.05781389 | 551 | x | x | ||
Ahuacatlan | −92.17528333 | 15.042325 | 719 | x | |||
Santo Domingo | −92.09836944 | 15.03047222 | 918 | x | |||
Unión Juárez | −92.07942076 | 15.06620901 | 1386 | x | |||
Talquian | −92.08379166 | 15.08690091 | 1696 | x | x |
Locality (Host) | Sex | N | Na | Ho | He | f | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reforma (Mi) | Female | 20 | 2.3 | 0.317 | 0.451 | 0.245 | 100.00 |
Male | 20 | 2.0 | 0.467 | 0.434 | −0.091 | 100.00 | |
2.5 | 0.392 | 0.528 | 0.241 | 100.00 | |||
Guadalupe (Cp) | Female | 30 | 1.8 | 0.056 | 0.215 | 0.812 | 66.67 |
Male | 30 | 2.3 | 0.178 | 0.468 | 0.630 | 100.00 | |
2.3 | 0.117 | 0.410 | 0.731 | 100.00 | |||
El Triunfo (Ce, Mi) | Female | 40 | 2.2 | 0.188 | 0.360 | 0.452 | 83.33 |
Male | 40 | 2.3 | 0.329 | 0.517 | 0.362 | 100.00 | |
2.3 | 0.258 | 0.517 | 0.503 | 100.00 | |||
San Carlos (Cc) | Female | 29 | 2.2 | 0.241 | 0.369 | 0.490 | 83.33 |
Male | 30 | 2.0 | 0.189 | 0.299 | 0.538 | 83.33 | |
2.3 | 0.215 | 0.447 | 0.646 | 100.00 | |||
Toluca (Cc) | Female | 30 | 2.0 | 0.028 | 0.410 | 0.933 | 83.33 |
Male | 30 | 1.2 | 0.000 | 0.083 | 1.000 | 16.67 | |
2.2 | 0.014 | 0.379 | 0.961 | 100.00 | |||
Salvador Urbina (Cc) | Female | 30 | 2.0 | 0.089 | 0.354 | 0.671 | 83.33 |
Male | 30 | 1.3 | 0.006 | 0.148 | 0.963 | 33.33 | |
2.5 | 0.392 | 0.528 | 0.241 | 83.33 | |||
Edén (Cc) | Female | 42 | 2.5 | 0.190 | 0.445 | 0.493 | 100.00 |
Male | 49 | 2.2 | 0.197 | 0.413 | 0.543 | 83.33 | |
2.5 | 0.194 | 0.484 | 0.611 | 100.00 | |||
Ahuacatlán (Cc) | Female | 27 | 2.0 | 0.154 | 0.241 | 0.610 | 66.67 |
Male | 20 | 1.8 | 0.250 | 0.341 | 0.302 | 66.67 | |
2.2 | 0.195 | 0.334 | 0.566 | 83.33 | |||
Santo Domingo (Cc) | Female | 30 | 2.3 | 0.117 | 0.391 | 0.710 | 100.00 |
Male | 30 | 2.0 | 0.222 | 0.368 | 0.477 | 83.33 | |
2.3 | 0.169 | 0.417 | 0.637 | 100.00 | |||
Unión Juárez (Cc) | Female | 31 | 2.2 | 0.102 | 0.247 | 0.643 | 83.33 |
Male | 30 | 1.8 | 0.106 | 0.249 | 0.481 | 66.67 | |
2.3 | 0.104 | 0.339 | 0.725 | 100.00 | |||
Talquian (Cc, Ce) | Female | 58 | 2.2 | 0.075 | 0.412 | 0.823 | 100.00 |
Male | 50 | 2.0 | 0.113 | 0.331 | 0.658 | 83.33 | |
2.3 | 0.093 | 0.488 | 0.798 | 100.00 | |||
Grand mean over loci and populations (22) | Mean | 33 | 2.0 | 0.337 | 0.343 | 0.545 | 80.30 |
SE | 0.0 | 0.018 | 0.018 | 0.038 | 4.61 |
Locality | Females | Males | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
χ2 | p | d.f. | χ2 | p | d.f. | |
Reforma | 38.4 | 0.0001 | 12 | 25.7 | 0.0120 | 12 |
Guadalupe | 117.6 | <0.0001 | 10 | 101.0 | 0.0000 | 12 |
El Triunfo | 103.9 | <0.0001 | 10 | 59.0 | <0.0001 | 12 |
San Carlos | 99.7 | <0.0001 | 8 | 129.7 | <0.0001 | 10 |
Toluca | 149.0 | <0.0001 | 10 | 30.0 | <0.0001 | 1 |
Salvador Urbina | 124.3 | <0.0001 | 10 | 19.1 | 0.0007 | 4 |
Edén | 128.8 | <0.0001 | 8 | 109.9 | <0.0001 | 5 |
Ahuacatlán | 121.1 | <0.0001 | 8 | 50.1 | <0.0001 | 8 |
Santo Domingo | 128.8 | <0.0001 | 12 | 89.9 | <0.0001 | 10 |
Unión Juárez | 105.1 | <0.0001 | 8 | 40.1 | <0.0001 | 10 |
Talquian | 276.9 | <0.0001 | 12 | 134.5 | <0.0001 | 10 |
Locality | Locus | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6PGDH a | G6PDH b | GOT a | IDH b | ME a | PGM b | |
Reforma | 3.96 NS | 30.37 *** | 10.97 * | 30.04 *** | 16.77 *** | 28.34 *** |
Guadalupe | 20.18 *** | 268.97 *** | 44.90 *** | 46.24 *** | 32.49 *** | 56.30 *** |
El Triunfo | 76.51 *** | 88.20 *** | 50.69 *** | 59.01 *** | 9.90 *** | 472.38 *** |
San Carlos | 52.60 *** | 30.85 *** | 38.19 *** | 24.50 *** | 859.43 *** | 39.77 *** |
Toluca | 103.56 *** | 1296.00 *** | 59.84 *** | 233.68 *** | M | 317.04 *** |
Salvador Urbina | 344.20 *** | 2649.05 *** | 50.44 *** | 76.92 *** | M | 126.56 *** |
Edén | 27.02 *** | 61.30 *** | 60.67 *** | 44.04 *** | 64.60 *** | 287.42 *** |
Ahuacatlán | 25.30 *** | 15.91 *** | 39.49 *** | 34.05 *** | 161.87 *** | M |
Santo Domingo | 29.05 *** | 22.40 *** | 55.19 *** | 16.84 ** | 80.97 *** | 50.32 *** |
Unión Juárez | 1.00 NS | 9.38 * | 44.11 *** | 69.07 *** | 595.12 *** | 147.80 *** |
Talquian | 268.75 *** | 4071.77 *** | 89.56 *** | 44.28 *** | 97.75 *** | 671.46 *** |
Host | Locality | N | P | Na | Ho | He | f | Mean | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P | N | Na | Ho | He | f | ||||||||
Citrus sinensis | San Carlos | 59 | 100.0 | 2.333 | 0.215 | 0.447 | 0.646 | 91.67 | 56 | 2.271 | 0.118 | 0.397 | 0.744 |
Toluca | 60 | 83.33 | 2.167 | 0.014 | 0.379 | 0.961 | |||||||
Salvador Urbina | 60 | 83.33 | 2.167 | 0.047 | 0.381 | 0.896 | |||||||
Edén | 44 | 83.33 | 2.167 | 0.110 | 0.409 | 0.740 | |||||||
Ahuacatlán | 47 | 83.33 | 2.333 | 0.191 | 0.337 | 0.580 | |||||||
Santo Domingo | 60 | 100.0 | 2.333 | 0.169 | 0.417 | 0.637 | |||||||
Unión Juárez | 61 | 100.0 | 2.333 | 0.104 | 0.339 | 0.725 | |||||||
Talquián | 60 | 100.0 | 2.333 | 0.094 | 0.470 | 0.769 | |||||||
Casimiroa edulis | El Triunfo | 40 | 100.0 | 2.167 | 0.171 | 0.447 | 0.599 | 91.67 | 49 | 2.167 | 0.126 | 0.414 | 0.697 |
Talquián | 48 | 83.33 | 2.000 | 0.090 | 0.386 | 0.761 | |||||||
Citrus paradisi | Guadalupe | 60 | 100.0 | 2.333 | 0.117 | 0.410 | 0.731 | ||||||
Mangifera indica | Reforma | 40 | 100.0 | 2.500 | 0.392 | 0.528 | 0.241 | 100.0 | 42 | 2.444 | 0.337 | 0.497 | 0.911 |
El Triunfo | 40 | 100.0 | 2.333 | 0.346 | 0.491 | 0.296 | |||||||
Edén | 47 | 100.0 | 2.500 | 0.273 | 0.474 | 0.366 | |||||||
Mean over 14 samples | 94.05 | 52 | 2.286 | 0.167 | 0.422 | 0.301 |
Hierarchical Arrangement | Source of Variation | d.f. | Sum of Squares | Medium Square | Estimated Variance | Variance Component (%) | Differentiation Estimation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Locality, sex | Among localities | 10 | 482.93 | 48.29 | 0.00 | 0 | Φ loc = 0.0 Φ sex(loc) = 0.386 * Φ (total) = 0.243 * |
Between sexes (locality) | 11 | 784.20 | 71.29 | 2.067 | 39 | ||
Within individuals | 704 | 2318.50 | 3.29 | 3.29 | 61 | ||
Total | 725 | 3585.63 | 5.4 | 100 | |||
Localities | Among localities | 14 | 653.902 | 50.3 | 0.892 | 18 | Φ = 0.178 *** |
Within individuals | 712 | 2931.73 | 4.12 | 4.12 | 82 | ||
Total | 725 | 3585.63 | 5.01 | 100 | |||
Hosts | Among hosts | 3 | 292.4 | 97.47 | 0.683 | 13 | Φ = 0.13 *** |
Within individuals | 722 | 3293.2 | 4.56 | 4.561 | 87 | ||
Total | 725 | 3585.6 | 5.244 | 100 |
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Ruiz-Montoya, L.; Vallejo, R.V.; Haymer, D.; Liedo, P. Genetic and Ecological Relationships of Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) Populations in Southern Mexico. Insects 2020, 11, 815. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/insects11110815
Ruiz-Montoya L, Vallejo RV, Haymer D, Liedo P. Genetic and Ecological Relationships of Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) Populations in Southern Mexico. Insects. 2020; 11(11):815. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/insects11110815
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuiz-Montoya, Lorena, Rodrigo Verónica Vallejo, David Haymer, and Pablo Liedo. 2020. "Genetic and Ecological Relationships of Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) Populations in Southern Mexico" Insects 11, no. 11: 815. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/insects11110815