Analysis of the Discriminatory Perceptions of Victims on Damage from Environmental Pollution: A Case Study of the Hebei Spirit Oil Spill in South Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites
2.2. Research Methodology
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Rank | Keyword | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Factor 4 | Variance | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Village | 5.16921 | −0.1892 | −0.52751 | 0.15833 | 7.248309 | 1.152708 |
2 | Resident | 0.61753 | 1.08656 | 3.30339 | −0.32883 | 2.37001 | 1.169663 |
3 | Livelihood | 0.75057 | 0.60569 | 2.51501 | −0.89968 | 1.952443 | 0.742898 |
4 | Disaster prevention | 0.30021 | 2.28808 | −0.18388 | 1.06222 | 1.161059 | 0.866658 |
5 | Work | 0.15135 | 2.06937 | −0.39843 | 0.75828 | 1.1247 | 0.645143 |
6 | Pay | 0.37716 | 1.09171 | −0.41848 | 0.02499 | 0.406907 | 0.268845 |
7 | Change | 0.35726 | 0.80251 | 0.09829 | −0.93151 | 0.54079 | 0.081638 |
8 | Damage | −0.27931 | −0.86216 | 2.56108 | 0.84039 | 2.26994 | 0.565 |
9 | Relationship | −0.28297 | 1.07258 | 0.76549 | 0.89815 | 0.372846 | 0.613313 |
10 | Haenyeo | −0.44421 | −0.23635 | −0.71485 | 3.97013 | 4.956277 | 0.64368 |
11 | Living expenses | 0.27533 | 0.84867 | −0.59112 | −0.16188 | 0.379088 | 0.09275 |
12 | Participation | 0.32908 | 1.30789 | −0.98623 | 0.7825 | 0.963427 | 0.35831 |
13 | Conflict | 0.18485 | −0.41436 | 0.99699 | −0.3248 | 0.418785 | 0.11067 |
14 | Sisterhood | −0.96714 | 1.00133 | −0.24059 | −1.64134 | 1.278789 | −0.46194 |
15 | Opinion | −0.49417 | 0.78243 | −0.63321 | −1.13862 | 0.667855 | −0.37089 |
16 | Operation | 0.55721 | −1.78526 | −0.28197 | −0.07756 | 0.984352 | −0.3969 |
17 | Activity | 0.42463 | −2.09514 | 0.4056 | −0.97974 | 1.478237 | −0.56116 |
18 | Performance | −0.57432 | 0.46518 | −0.39019 | −1.41198 | 0.592965 | −0.47783 |
19 | Compensation | −0.54875 | −0.60467 | 0.28043 | 0.43391 | 0.295158 | −0.10977 |
20 | Issue | −0.91402 | −0.11948 | 1.30707 | 1.52811 | 1.360582 | 0.45042 |
21 | Kindness | 0.49456 | −0.39093 | −1.20273 | −0.33733 | 0.480645 | −0.35911 |
22 | Fairness | −0.29856 | 0.28077 | −0.77241 | −0.59752 | 0.213392 | −0.34693 |
23 | Fishing | 0.23968 | −1.04595 | −0.46676 | 0.17185 | 0.365235 | −0.2753 |
24 | Income | 0.3067 | −0.75621 | −0.30437 | −0.06097 | 0.198761 | −0.20371 |
25 | Health | −0.49957 | −0.4236 | 0.06641 | 1.32 | 0.70739 | 0.11581 |
26 | Current status | −0.35444 | −0.49534 | −0.26648 | 0.09534 | 0.063507 | −0.25523 |
27 | Expense | −0.09827 | −0.38245 | −0.64001 | −0.12689 | 0.064167 | −0.31191 |
28 | Organization | 0.17483 | −1.14905 | −0.56663 | −0.14351 | 0.32776 | −0.42109 |
29 | Problem | −0.89266 | −0.589 | 0.13528 | 0.08326 | 0.256709 | −0.31578 |
30 | Recovery | −0.70612 | −0.32537 | −0.47877 | 0.08299 | 0.110435 | −0.35682 |
31 | Fishing village fraternity | −0.30503 | −0.79955 | −0.1305 | −0.19915 | 0.091587 | −0.35856 |
32 | Fishing vessel | −0.09266 | −0.92137 | −0.57247 | 0.07975 | 0.208006 | −0.37669 |
33 | Samsung | −0.78066 | 0.95613 | −0.21771 | −1.42185 | 1.018927 | −0.36602 |
34 | countermeasure | −0.51556 | −1.29087 | 0.40771 | −0.57252 | 0.484902 | −0.49281 |
35 | Labor | −0.39699 | 0.32972 | −0.8697 | −0.30002 | 0.24339 | −0.30925 |
36 | Public | −0.39699 | 0.32972 | −0.8697 | −0.30002 | 0.24339 | −0.30925 |
37 | Difficulty | −0.86777 | −0.44202 | −0.11804 | −0.33447 | 0.099262 | −0.44058 |
Appendix B
Factor | Gender | Number of People | Age | Number of People | Occupation | Number of People | Region | Number of People |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor 1 (Village community) | Male | 10 | 60s | 9 | Hand fishing | 8 | Tidal flats | 9 |
Female | 10 | 70s | 3 | Tourism | 3 | Island | 7 | |
Not answered | 1 | 80s | 1 | Agriculture | 3 | Port | 5 | |
Not answered | 8 | Boat fishing | 2 | |||||
Haenyeo | 1 | |||||||
Village head | 1 | |||||||
Not answered | 3 | |||||||
Factor 2 (Disaster prevention) | Male | 13 | 60s | 8 | Boat fishing | 8 | Tidal flats | 10 |
Female | 9 | 70s | 6 | Hand fishing | 5 | Island | 6 | |
50s | 2 | Tourism | 3 | Port | 2 | |||
40s | 1 | Agriculture | 1 | City | 1 | |||
80s | 1 | Disaster prevention company | 1 | |||||
Not answered | 1 | |||||||
Factor 3 (Threat to livelihood) | Male | 15 | 40s | 4 | Hand fishing | 5 | Tidal flats | 8 |
Female | 4 | 50s | 4 | Boat fishing | 2 | Island | 4 | |
60s | 4 | Related organization | 2 | Port | 2 | |||
Not answered | 3 | Tourism | 2 | City | 1 | |||
Not answered | 2 | |||||||
Pastor | 2 | |||||||
Vice head of the myeon | ||||||||
Factor 4 (Health) | Male | 2 | 50s | 2 | Haenyeo | 6 | Port | 8 |
Female | 6 | 40s | 1 | Tourism | 1 | |||
60s | 1 | Not answered | 1 | |||||
70s | 1 | |||||||
Not answered | 3 |
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Division | Number of People | Major Occupations |
---|---|---|
Tidal Flats | 34 | Hand fishing, bed and breakfast, raw fish restaurants, other restaurants, pastors, etc. |
Harbor | 43 | Boat fishing, hand fishing, lodging, agriculture, haenyeos diving, etc. |
Island | 23 | Boat fishing, hand fishing, bed and breakfast, agriculture, etc. |
Others | 6 | Environmental NGO, officers, employees of disaster prevention companies, special committee, etc. |
Rank | Keyword | Frequency | Rank | Keyword | Frequency | Rank | Keyword | Frequency |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Village | 85 | 14 | Sisterhood | 27 | 26 | Health | 14 |
2 | Resident | 63 | 14 | Conflict | 27 | 28 | Expense | 12 |
3 | Livelihood | 62 | 16 | Operation | 25 | 28 | Organization | 12 |
4 | Disaster prevention | 54 | 17 | Opinion | 24 | 30 | Current status | 11 |
5 | Work | 49 | 18 | Performance | 22 | 30 | Problem | 11 |
6 | Pay | 40 | 19 | Activity | 20 | 32 | Recovery | 10 |
6 | Change | 40 | 20 | Compensation | 18 | 32 | Fishing village fraternity | 10 |
8 | Damage | 38 | 20 | Issue | 18 | 35 | Fishing vessel | 10 |
9 | Relationship | 35 | 22 | Kindness | 16 | 35 | Difficulty | 9 |
10 | Haenyeo | 33 | 22 | Fairness | 16 | 35 | Labor | 9 |
10 | Living expenses | 33 | 22 | Countermeasure | 16 | 33 | Public | 9 |
12 | Samsung | 33 | 25 | Fishing | 15 | |||
13 | Participation | 32 | 26 | Income | 14 |
Component | Initial Eigenvalue | Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings | Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | % of Variance | Cumulative Rate (%) | Total | % of Variance | Cumulative Rate (%) | Total | % of Variance | Cumulative Rate (%) | |
1 | 17.024 | 17.920 | 17.920 | 17.024 | 17.920 | 17.920 | 12.780 | 13.453 | 13.453 |
2 | 8.940 | 9.410 | 27.330 | 8.940 | 9.410 | 27.330 | 11.491 | 12.096 | 25.549 |
3 | 8.304 | 8.741 | 36.072 | 8.304 | 8.741 | 36.072 | 9.473 | 9.971 | 35.521 |
4 | 7.375 | 7.763 | 43.835 | 7.375 | 7.763 | 43.835 | 7.898 | 8.314 | 43.835 |
Factor | Keywords | Z Value | Interviews |
---|---|---|---|
Factor 1 (Village community) | Village | 5.16921 | After the oil spill incident, everyone is living on the edge. The fishing village fraternity suffered a lot. Those in charge, including the village head, worked a lot. They lost their temper due to hard work. They had to travel constantly between the district office and Suhyup. Since the incident, the residents do not really help each other. Very stingy, nobody would care if I died. (A woman living near tidal flats.) |
Factor 2 (Disaster prevention) | Disaster prevention | 2.28808 | When the crude oil spilled, we were completely helpless. The most practical solution was to use an emulsifier to push the oil down. Blue crabs are usually caught at approximately 30 m underwater. Crude oil inside their body indicates that oil has been deposited. In areas with tidal differences, the amount of deposition is significant. We were given labor wages for 20 days only for disaster prevention. The total amount of damage and disaster prevention cost exceeded KRW 300 billion.They had to provide KRW 300 billion by reducing some percentage of the disaster prevention cost. That is why they cannot pay wages now. (Men living near the port.) |
Work | 2.06937 | ||
Participation | 1.30789 | ||
Pay | 1.09171 | ||
Resident | 1.08656 | ||
Relationship | 1.07258 | ||
Sisterhood | 1.00133 | ||
Factor 3 (Threat to livelihood) | Resident | 3.30339 | Here, everything that comes out of the fishing ground is money; clams and oysters, they are money; 99% is cash. But after the accident, our means of livelihood have completely disappeared. (A man living near tidal flats.) |
Damage | 2.56108 | ||
Livelihood | 2.51501 | ||
Issue | 1.30707 | ||
Factor 4 (Health) | Haenyeo | 3.97013 | I participated in disaster prevention work. There was nothing that I can do apart from that. However, I have not been paid yet. The oil smell is nauseating; it makes me vomit and dizzy. My health is failing. I keep getting phlegm, and my vision has suddenly gone bad. I participated in disaster prevention work. I came here to work, but since the accident occurred, I hoped to help. I got paid for the work as well. (Haenyeo living near the port.) |
Issue | 1.52811 | ||
Health | 1.32 | ||
Disaster prevention | 1.06222 |
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Lee, J.-H.; Kim, D.-K. Analysis of the Discriminatory Perceptions of Victims on Damage from Environmental Pollution: A Case Study of the Hebei Spirit Oil Spill in South Korea. Land 2021, 10, 1089. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/land10101089
Lee J-H, Kim D-K. Analysis of the Discriminatory Perceptions of Victims on Damage from Environmental Pollution: A Case Study of the Hebei Spirit Oil Spill in South Korea. Land. 2021; 10(10):1089. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/land10101089
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Jae-Hyuck, and Do-Kyun Kim. 2021. "Analysis of the Discriminatory Perceptions of Victims on Damage from Environmental Pollution: A Case Study of the Hebei Spirit Oil Spill in South Korea" Land 10, no. 10: 1089. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/land10101089