Thermo-Optical Studies of Laser Ceramics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Magneto-Active Ceramics
2.1. TGG Ceramics
2.2. Re:TAG Ceramics
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- the temperature dependence of V (~1/T) in paramagnetic materials, to which TAG belongs;
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- the accuracy of determining the wavelength of radiation sources;
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- the accuracy of determining the angle of rotation of the polarization plane;
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- the accuracy of determining the magnitude/integral of the magnetic field and the position of the sample in it;
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- a high unaccounted concentration of sintering additives and impurities that may exceed the concentration (or influence) of the declared dopants, etc.
2.3. Sesquioxide Ceramics
2.3.1. Production Technique
2.3.2. Results of the Studies
2.4. Zinc Selenide
2.5. Spinel
2.5.1. Production Technique
2.5.2. Results of the Studies
3. Laser/Active Ceramics
3.1. Yb:YAG Ceramics
3.2. Sesquioxide Ceramics
3.2.1. Manufacturing and Spectral Properties
3.2.2. Studies of Thermo-Optical Characteristics
3.2.3. Studies of Laser Properties
3.3. Yb:LuAG Ceramics
3.4. Spinel
4. Conclusions
- TGG ceramics is not inferior to TGG crystals as a medium for the FIs for high-average-power lasers, including at nitrogen temperatures. At the same time, it allows constructing large-aperture devices, thus opening up new opportunities for developing lasers with high time-average and peak power.
- The growth technology of TAG ceramics allows introducing into its composition both, sintering additives and additional ions, which can affect the Verdet constant. However, doping of TAG ceramics with Ce, Pr, Ho, Si, Ti, and Zr in small concentrations (up to 2 at.%) does not give a significant increase in the Verdet constant. Besides, Re:TAG ceramics, that is superior to TGG in the Verdet constant, can be successfully applied in high-power FI, after further improvement of its optical properties.
- Tb2O3, Dy2O3 and Ho2O3 sesquioxide ceramics, which are also superior to TGG in the Verdet constant, are potentially interesting throughout their transparency ranges/windows. Within the range up to ~1.4 µm, the most preferable materials are Tb2O3 and TAG (partly Dy2O3); in the range of 1.5–2.1 µm, Dy2O3 or Ho2O3 (at lower or higher λ, respectively); and in the 2.1–3.2 µm range, Ho2O3 is a leader; in the ~3.2–6 µm range, Dy2O3 is a leader; and in the range of 6–8 µm, Tb2O3 returns its leadership. Being paramagnetic, these ceramics will be of even greater interest in cryogenically cooled devices after further improvement of their optical properties.
- Polycrystalline zinc chalcogenides (ZnSe, ZnS diamagnets) are promising MAEs for high-power FIs in their transparency windows. In particular, a high-purity CVD-ZnSe can be used for developing an FI at λ = 1 µm with a multikilowatt Pmax operating at room temperature.
- The magneto-optical characteristics of magnesium-aluminate and zinc-aluminate spinels are significantly (more than an order of magnitude) inferior to the popular (above mentioned) MAEs. Doping with Sc, Ti, Tb, Ce, Zr and Yb ions in small concentrations (~1 at.%), like in TAG, does not lead to a significant increase in the Verdet constant. All samples demonstrate the diamagnetic rotation of the polarization plane.
- The developed disk cryogenic laser based on Yb:YAG ceramics AE gives us ground to state that the quality of Yb:YAG ceramics is not inferior to that of Yb:YAG crystal. The achieved value of 233 mJ in 70-ns pulses at a repetition rate of 143 Hz with a high (20%) efficiency is the best among cryogenic pulse-periodic laser systems based on thin Yb:YAG ceramic disks developed at the time of this publication.
- The analysis of the luminescence spectrum in the visible range of AE made of sesquioxide ceramics (for example, Yb:Y2O3 ceramics) shows the laser quality of ceramics in terms of chemical purity.
- The comparison of the popular Y2O3, Lu2O3, and Sc2O3 sesquioxide ceramics doped with a Yb3+ ion showed that the Lu2O3 and Sc2O3 materials have similar values of thermo-optical constants that is 30% less in Y2O3. Therefore, the thermally induced depolarization in the latter will be ~2 times less. To fabricate AEs with a high (>4 at.%) concentration of Yb3+ ions, from the point of view of minimizing thermally induced polarization distortions, it is more advantageous to use Lu2O3 ceramics. Contrariwise, for AEs with a lower Yb3+ concentration, it is more reasonable to use Sc2O3 ceramics. The comparison of the thermo-optical constant P singles out the Sc2O3 material, in which this value is significantly lower than in Y2O3 and Lu2O3. (The lower P, the lower the optical power of the thermal lens introduced by the AE bulk is).
- The Yb:Y2O3 and Yb:Lu2O3 ceramics are in no way inferior to the Yb:YAG material, but they allow amplifying wider-bandwidth pulses at any temperature. Most interesting is the fact that the central gain wavelength λmax of Yb:YAG at 300 K is very close to the central gain wavelength of Yb:Y2O3 and Yb:Lu2O3 at 80 K. Thus, the signal of the master oscillator based on Yb:YAG crystals can be effectively amplified at the powerful terminal cryogenic amplification stages based on ceramic AEs made of Yb:Y2O3 and Yb:Lu2O3. In Yb:Sc2O3 ceramics, the central wavelength is shifted to a longer wavelength region therefore, in our opinion, there is no practical interest in its use at the present.
- Despite the obvious advantages, and in some cases the irreplaceability of rare-earth oxide ceramics, their wide use in high-power laser engineering is currently limited by the complexity and weak reproducibility of their technologies. This ceramics is currently just at the beginning of its development. But there is no doubt that like the advance of the CVD-ZnSe technologies in the 1980–90 s or of the YAG ceramics at the beginning of this century, there will be progress in the production of rare-earth oxide ceramics. The scientific research and the competition will lead to a significant reduction in the cost of these materials, to improved quality and, eventually, to their widespread commercial use, hopefully in the nearest future.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Palashov, O.V.; Starobor, A.V.; Perevezentsev, E.A.; Snetkov, I.L.; Mironov, E.A.; Yakovlev, A.I.; Balabanov, S.S.; Permin, D.A.; Belyaev, A.V. Thermo-Optical Studies of Laser Ceramics. Materials 2021, 14, 3944. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14143944
Palashov OV, Starobor AV, Perevezentsev EA, Snetkov IL, Mironov EA, Yakovlev AI, Balabanov SS, Permin DA, Belyaev AV. Thermo-Optical Studies of Laser Ceramics. Materials. 2021; 14(14):3944. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14143944
Chicago/Turabian StylePalashov, Oleg V., Aleksey V. Starobor, Evgeniy A. Perevezentsev, Ilya L. Snetkov, Evgeniy A. Mironov, Alexey I. Yakovlev, Stanislav S. Balabanov, Dmitry A. Permin, and Alexander V. Belyaev. 2021. "Thermo-Optical Studies of Laser Ceramics" Materials 14, no. 14: 3944. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14143944