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Article

Phase Formation, Microstructure, and Magnetic Properties of Nd14.5Fe79.3B6.2 Melt-Spun Ribbons with Different Ce and Y Substitutions

by
Qingjin Ke
1,
Feilong Dai
1,
Shengxi Li
1,
Maohua Rong
1,2,*,
Qingrong Yao
1,2 and
Jiang Wang
1,2,*
1
Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
2
Engineering Research Center of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2021, 14(14), 3992; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14143992
Submission received: 31 May 2021 / Revised: 25 June 2021 / Accepted: 14 July 2021 / Published: 16 July 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phase Structure and Functional Properties of Materials)
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Abstract

:
Phase formation and microstructure of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 (x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25) alloys were studied experimentally. The results reveal that (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 annealed alloys show (NdCeY)2Fe14B phase with the tetragonal Nd2Fe14B-typed structure (space group P42/mnm) and rich-RE (α-Nd) phase, while (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 ribbons prepared by melt-spun technology are composed of (NdCeY)2Fe14B phase, α-Nd phase and α-Fe phase, except for the ribbon with x = 0.25, which consists of additional CeFe2 phase. On the other hand, magnetic properties of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 melt-spun ribbons were measured by a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The measured results show that the remanence (Br) and the coercivity (Hcj) of the melt-spun ribbons decrease with the increase of Ce and Y substitutions, while the maximum magnetic energy product ((BH)max) of the ribbons decreases and then increases. The tendency of magnetic properties of the ribbons could result from the co-substitution of Ce and Y for Nd in Nd2Fe14B phase and different phase constitutions. It was found that the Hcj of the ribbon with x = 0.20 is relatively high to be 9.01 kOe, while the (BH)max of the ribbon with x = 0.25 still reaches to be 9.06 MGOe. It suggests that magnetic properties of Nd-Fe-B ribbons with Ce and Y co-substitution could be tunable through alloy composition and phase formation to fabricate novel Nd-Fe-B magnets with low costs and high performance.

1. Introduction

Since discovered in 1983, Nd-Fe-B magnets as outstanding magnetic materials have been used intensively in variously industrial applications such as motors of electric/hybrid vehicles and electric generators [1,2,3]. In general, Nd-Fe-B magnets would improve greatly their coercivity through the addition of the low-abundant and expensive rare earth (RE) metals Dy and Tb. With the emerging applications for the purpose of the electronic industry, the demand for Nd-Fe-B magnets is increasing rapidly, which causes the excessive use of rare earth metals Nd, Pr, Dy, and Tb. Meanwhile, the high-abundant and cheap rare earth metals La, Ce, and Y were not used effectively in the production of Nd-Fe-B magnets. Therefore, the integrated utilization of rare earth metals in Nd-Fe-B magnets is a promising way to achieve the sustainable development of Nd-Fe-B magnets [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. However, the magnetic properties of Nd-Fe-B magnets with La, Ce, and Y have deteriorated unavoidably through the traditional fabrication technology because intrinsic magnetic properties of La2Fe14B, Ce2Fe14B, and Y2Fe14B phases are inferior to those of Nd2Fe14B, Dy2Fe14B, and Tb2Fe14B phases [35]. Recently, different fabrication technologies (e.g., double main phase method, dual alloy method, and grain boundary diffusion method) and microstructure optimization (e.g., grain boundary restructure) were developed to improve magnetic properties of Nd-Fe-B magnets with La, Ce, and Y [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34].
In particular, the magnetic performance of Y and/or Ce substituted Nd-Fe-B alloys were investigated in the literature [26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. Chen et al. [26] reported that Nd9-xYxFe72Ti2Zr2B15 nanocomposite ribbons exhibited high coercivity (923.4 kA/m). Fan et al. [30] found that Y substituted Nd-Ce-Fe-B sintered magnets show special core–shell microstructure characteristics with Y-rich core and Nd-rich shell, resulting in the improvement of the coercivity and the thermal stability of magnets. Zheng et al. [32] studied magnetic properties of (Nd1-xYx)14.5FebalB6Co0.2Al1Cu0.15 melt-spun ribbons. Zhang et al. [34] investigated phase constituent, microstructure, and magnetic properties of Nd12-xYxFe81B6Nb melt-spun ribbons. The results [32,34] show that the magnetic properties of ribbons reduce gradually with increasing Y content. Liao et al. [33] studied the effect of element distribution on the magnetic performance of (PrNd)-(Y10-xCex)-Fe-B sintered magnets. The remarkable increase of the coercivity of magnets with x = 2 indicated that Y-Ce co-substitution could improve the magnetic properties of Nd-Fe-B magnets. The experimental results [26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34] indicate the significant effect of alloy composition, microstructure, and fabrication technology on the magnetic properties of Nd-Fe-B alloys with Ce and/or Y substitution. In order to understand further the effect of phase formation and microstructure on magnetic properties of Nd-Fe-B alloys with Ce and Y co-substitution, phase structure, microstructure, and magnetic properties of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 alloys were studied experimentally in this work.

2. Experimental Procedure

Pure bulk Nd, Ce, Fe and B (99.99% purity) were used to prepare (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 (x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25) alloys by arc-melting method. After being melted four times, alloy samples were sealed in vacuum quartz tubes to be annealed at 1173 K for 360 h. The ribbons were obtained by induction melting the annealed alloys and then ejecting melts through the orifice (orifice diameter about 0.8–1.0 mm) of quartz tubes onto the copper wheel surface with wheel speeds of 20–30 m/s.
The crystal structures of the formed phases in the annealed alloys and melt-spun ribbons were examined using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD, PLXcel 3D, PANalytical, Almelo, the Netherlands, Cu Kα radiation). The microstructure of the annealed alloys was tested by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Quanta FEG-450, FEI, Hillsboro, OR, USA). Magnetic measurements of the ribbons were carried out using the Lakeshore VSM (Model 7400 740H, Lake Shore Cryotronics, Westerville, OH, USA) at room temperature. The demagnetization correction of the ribbons was not considered because the applied magnetic field is parallel to the plane of the ribbons during the magnetic measurements.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Phase Structure and Microstructure

Figure 1 shows the XRD patterns of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 alloys annealed at 1173 K for 360 h. In Figure 1a, all alloys contain the (NdCeY)2Fe14B phase with isotropic Nd2Fe14B structure (space group P42/mnm) and rich-RE (α-Nd) phase. Figure 1b presents the local XRD patterns of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 annealed alloys. The diffraction peak around 30° is belonged to the rich-RE (α-Nd) phase, while the weak diffraction peak at 45.4° confirms that the α-Fe phase was not formed. It is evident in Figure 1b that the diffraction peaks of the (NdCeY)2Fe14B phase shift slightly to the direction of high angle with the increase of Ce and Y substitutions because the lattice constants of Y2Fe14B (a = 0.8757 nm, c = 1.2026 nm) and Ce2Fe14B (a = 0.8726 nm, c = 1.2057 nm) are smaller than those of Nd2Fe14B (a = 0.8792 nm, c = 1.2177 nm) [35]. It suggests that Ce and Y atoms replace Nd atoms in the lattice of the Nd2Fe14B phase, leading to shifting diffraction peaks to the direction of high angles according to the Bragg equation [32].
Based on the crystal structure analysis, lattice parameters and cell volumes of (NdCeY)2Fe14B phase in annealed alloys were obtained, as shown in Figure 2. It can be seen that lattice parameters and cell volumes of (NdCeY)2Fe14B phase decrease slightly with the increase of Ce and Y substitutions in annealed alloys because of the replacement of Nd by Ce and Y in the lattice of Nd2Fe14B phase.
Figure 3 is the microstructure image of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 annealed alloys. As can be seen, the microstructure characteristics of the annealed alloys show (NdCeY)2Fe14B phase (gray area) and rich-RE (α-Nd) phase (white area), while the α-Fe phase was not observed, which is in good agreement with the XRD results. It was found that the volume fraction of the rich-RE (α-Nd) phase (white area) in annealed alloys increases gradually with the increase of Ce and Y substitutions.
Figure 4 is the XRD patterns of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 melt-spun ribbons. According to the phase analysis of XRD patterns, diffraction peaks in all the ribbons are indexed as the (NdCeY)2Fe14B phase with the tetragonal Nd2Fe14B-typed structure (space group P42/mnm), rich-RE (α-Nd) phase, and α-Fe phase. Especially, the ribbon with x = 0.25 has a different phase constitution, which contains additional CeFe2 phase.

3.2. Magnetic Properties

Figure 5 is the hysteresis loops of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 melt-spun ribbons. It can be seen that the hysteresis loops show very poor squareness, which could result from the formation of α-Fe and CeFe2 phases in the ribbons. With the increase of Ce and Y substitutions, the remanent magnetization (Mr) and saturation magnetization (Ms) of the ribbons decrease monotonically because the intrinsic magnetic properties of Ce2Fe14B and Y2Fe14B phases are lower than those of the Nd2Fe14B phase [35].
Based on the hysteresis loops of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 melt-spun ribbons in Figure 5, the remanence (Br) and the coercivity (Hcj) of the ribbons were obtained, while the maximum magnetic energy product ((BH)max) was determined from the area of the largest rectangle in the second quadrant of B-H curves transformed from the hysteresis loops. Table 1 summarizes magnetic properties of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 melt-spun ribbons. The remanence (Br) of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 melt-spun ribbons are 8.69 kGs, 7.72 kGs, 7.49 kGs, 6.65 kGs, and 6.64 kGs, respectively, while the coercivity (Hcj) of the ribbons are 11.04 kOe, 10.21 kOe, 8.75 kOe, 9.01 kOe, and 7.85 kOe, respectively. In general, the remanence (Br) and the coercivity (Hcj) of the ribbons deteriorate gradually with the increase of Ce and Y substitutions, except for the ribbon with x = 0.15, in which the coercivity (Hcj) is higher than that of the ribbon with x = 0.10. The reason for it could result from the inferior magnetic properties of Ce2Fe14B and Y2Fe14B phases [35]. Based on the experimental results of the remanence (Br) and the coercivity (Hcj) mentioned above, the maximum magnetic energy product ((BH)max) of the ribbons was determined to be 12.98 MGOe, 10.64 MGOe, 6.86 MGOe, 8.33 MGOe, and 9.06 MGOe, respectively. It was found that (BH)max of the ribbon with x = 0.15 is the smallest due to the poor squareness of the hysteresis loop, while the ribbon with x = 0.25 has good magnetic performance (Br = 6.64 kGs, Hcj = 7.85 kOe, (BH)max = 9.06 MGOe), indicating that magnetic properties of Nd-Ce-Y-Fe-B ribbons could be regulated by alloy composition and phase formation.
Figure 6 shows the initial magnetization curves and demagnetization curves of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 melt-spun ribbons. From the shape of the initial magnetization curves in Figure 6a, the magnetization process of the ribbons is staged, and all ribbons are controlled by the nucleation model and the domain wall pinning model. The first and second derivatives of the initial magnetization curves of the ribbons are shown in Figure 6b, which analyze better the pinning field distribution and the magnetization characteristics. As can be seen, the magnetization processes of the ribbons with x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.25 are mainly controlled by the domain wall pinning model, while the magnetization process of the ribbon with x = 0.15 is mainly controlled by the nucleation model. When the magnetic field is 0–2.5 kOe, the dM/dH along with the increase of magnetic field increases and declines rapidly, indicating that the magnetization process of the ribbons is dominated by nucleation at the beginning, which could be due to the existence of α-Fe phase in the ribbons. The α-Fe phase has exchange coupling with the (NdCeY)2Fe14B phase, which promotes the rapid magnetization of the primary phase. With the increase of the magnetic field, the presence of rich-RE phases provides a pinning field in (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 ribbons during the magnetization process, and the magnetization process is mainly dominated by the domain wall pinning. The magnetization of the ribbons would overcome the nailing action of grain boundary to its domain wall. After reaching the critical magnetic field, the magnetization increases sharply to saturation magnetization. The second derivative of the initial magnetization curve has only one extreme point, which indicates that the distribution of the pinning field is relatively uniform. In addition, since the magnetocrystalline anisotropy constants of Ce2Fe14B and Y2Fe14B are lower than that of Nd2Fe14B [35], the strength of the pinning field decreases gradually with the increase of Ce and Y substitutions.
As shown in Figure 6c, the kinks were observed in the demagnetization curves of the ribbons (except for the ribbon with x = 0.25). This phenomenon could result from the formation and uniform distribution of the soft magnetic phase (such as α-Fe and CeFe2 phases) in the ribbons. In addition, the region of α-Fe and/or CeFe2 phase would partially exchange-couple to the adjacent (NdCeY)2Fe14B phase, reversing incongruously to present kinks in the demagnetization curves.

4. Conclusions

In this work, phase structure, microstructure, and magnetic properties of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 (x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25) alloys were investigated. The following results could be obtained:
(1)
The XRD and SEM results show that (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 annealed alloys contain the (NdCeY)2Fe14B phase with the tetragonal Nd2Fe14B-typed structure (space group P42/mnm) and rich-RE (α-Nd) phase. Meanwhile, (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 melt-spun ribbons are composed of (NdCeY)2Fe14B phase, α-Nd phase and α-Fe phase, except for the ribbon with x = 0.25, which consists of additional CeFe2 phase.
(2)
Magnetic measurements show that the Br and the Hcj of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 ribbons decrease with the increase of Ce and Y substitutions, while the (BH)max of the ribbons decrease and then increase. The tendency of magnetic properties of the ribbons could result from the co-substitution of Ce and Y for Nd in Nd2Fe14B phase and different phase formation.
(3)
The Hcj of the ribbon with x = 0.20 is relatively high to be 9.01 kOe, while the (BH)max of the ribbon with x = 0.25 is still 9.06 MGOe. It indicates that the magnetic performance of Nd-Ce-Y-Fe-B melt-spun ribbons would be regulated through alloy composition and phase formation to fabricate novel Nd-Fe-B magnets with low costs and high performance.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Q.K., M.R. and J.W.; methodology, Q.K. and F.D.; formal analysis, S.L.; investigation, Q.K. and M.R.; data curation, Q.Y.; writing—original draft preparation, Q.K. and M.R.; writing—review and editing, M.R. and J.W.; supervision, M.R., Q.Y. and J.W.; project administration, J.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51761008, 51971069), Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (2020GXNSFFA297004, 2016GXNSFDA380015), Guangxi Project of Science and Technology (2017AD23031), and Engineering Research Center of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, China (EIMD-AA202004). The authors thank the support from the foundation for Guangxi Bagui scholars and National Undergraduate Training Program for Innovation (201910595016).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data sharing is not applicable to this article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. XRD powder patterns (a) and local XRD patterns (b) of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 alloys annealed at 1173 K for 360 h.
Figure 1. XRD powder patterns (a) and local XRD patterns (b) of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 alloys annealed at 1173 K for 360 h.
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Materials 14 03992 g002 550
Figure 2. Lattice parameters and cell volumes of (NdCeY)2Fe14B phase in (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 alloys annealed at 1173 K for 360 h.
Figure 2. Lattice parameters and cell volumes of (NdCeY)2Fe14B phase in (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 alloys annealed at 1173 K for 360 h.
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Materials 14 03992 g003 550
Figure 3. The backscattered electron (BSE) images of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 alloys annealed 1173 K for 360 h: (a) x = 0.05, (b) x = 0.10, (c) x = 0.15, (d) x = 0.20, and (e) x = 0.25.
Figure 3. The backscattered electron (BSE) images of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 alloys annealed 1173 K for 360 h: (a) x = 0.05, (b) x = 0.10, (c) x = 0.15, (d) x = 0.20, and (e) x = 0.25.
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Materials 14 03992 g004 550
Figure 4. XRD patterns of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 (x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25) melt-spun ribbons.
Figure 4. XRD patterns of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 (x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25) melt-spun ribbons.
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Materials 14 03992 g005 550
Figure 5. Hysteresis loops of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 (x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25) melt-spun ribbons at room temperature.
Figure 5. Hysteresis loops of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 (x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25) melt-spun ribbons at room temperature.
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Materials 14 03992 g006 550
Figure 6. Initial magnetization curves (a), the first and second derivatives of the initial magnetization curve (b), and demagnetization curves (c) of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 (x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25) melt-spun ribbons at room temperature.
Figure 6. Initial magnetization curves (a), the first and second derivatives of the initial magnetization curve (b), and demagnetization curves (c) of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 (x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25) melt-spun ribbons at room temperature.
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Table
Table 1. Magnetic properties of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 melt-spun ribbons.
Table 1. Magnetic properties of (Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2 melt-spun ribbons.
Melt-Spun Ribbons
(Nd1-2xCexYx)14.5Fe79.3B6.2		Br
(kGs)		Hcj
(kOe)		(BH)max
(MGOe)		Mr
(emu/g)		Remanent Ratio
(Mr/Ms)		Squareness
x = 0.058.6911.0412.9883.710.780.63
x = 0.107.7210.2010.6480.060.750.67
x = 0.157.498.756.8674.830.730.46
x = 0.206.659.018.3369.270.770.70
x = 0.256.647.859.0666.430.760.76
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Ke, Q.; Dai, F.; Li, S.; Rong, M.; Yao, Q.; Wang, J. Phase Formation, Microstructure, and Magnetic Properties of Nd14.5Fe79.3B6.2 Melt-Spun Ribbons with Different Ce and Y Substitutions. Materials 2021, 14, 3992. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14143992

AMA Style

Ke Q, Dai F, Li S, Rong M, Yao Q, Wang J. Phase Formation, Microstructure, and Magnetic Properties of Nd14.5Fe79.3B6.2 Melt-Spun Ribbons with Different Ce and Y Substitutions. Materials. 2021; 14(14):3992. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14143992

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ke, Qingjin, Feilong Dai, Shengxi Li, Maohua Rong, Qingrong Yao, and Jiang Wang. 2021. "Phase Formation, Microstructure, and Magnetic Properties of Nd14.5Fe79.3B6.2 Melt-Spun Ribbons with Different Ce and Y Substitutions" Materials 14, no. 14: 3992. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14143992

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