Enhanced PTC Effect in Polyamide/Carbon Black Composites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
Melt Compounding
2.2. Methods
Injection Molding
2.3. General Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. General Characterization
3.1.1. Specific Surface Area
3.1.2. DSC and Tg
3.1.3. Specific Resistance at Room Temperature
3.1.4. Thermo-Electrical Properties
4. Conclusions
- The most effective way to reduce the specific resistance and provide significant self-heating properties of the specimens is fulfilled by the incorporation of high amounts of CB with a high specific surface area into polymers with a high degree of crystallinity.
- The highest PTC-Effects were shown for composites incorporated with CB of low specific surface area.
- The occurrence of a PTC-Effect can be adjusted by the filler content and their extent depends on the BET of CB and the temperature of the specimens.
- Good reproducibility of the thermo-electrical performance has been achieved
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Compound | Tg [°C] | Tm [°C] | ΔHm [J/g] | Tc (Onset) [°C] | Tc (Peak) [°C] | Xc [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PA 6.10 | 48 | 224 | 98 | 202 | 198 | 39 |
PA 6.10 + 10 wt.% CB I | 48 | 224 | 92 | 211 | 205 | 41 |
PA 6.10 + 15 wt.% CB I | 48 | 223 | 89 | 211 | 206 | 42 |
PA 6.10 + 20 wt.% CB I | 48 | 223 | 86 | 213 | 207 | 42 |
PA 6.10 + 25 wt.% CB I | 48 | 224 | 79 | 213 | 207 | 42 |
PA 6.10 + 10 wt.% CB II | 46 | 223 | 89 | 208 | 203 | 39 |
PA 6.10 + 15 wt.% CB II | 46 | 224 | 84 | 208 | 202 | 39 |
PA 6.10 + 20 wt.% CB II | 45 | 225 | 79 | 208 | 202 | 39 |
PA 6.10 + 10 wt.% CB III | 46 | 225 | 86 | 208 | 202 | 38 |
PA 6.10 + 15 wt.% CB III | 45 | 224 | 83 | 209 | 202 | 39 |
PA 6.10 + 20 wt.% CB III | 47 | 223 | 74 | 209 | 203 | 37 |
PA 4.6 | 76 | 289 | 95 | 261 | 257 | 45 |
PA 4.6 + 10 wt.% CB I | 75 | 292 | 90 | 275 | 269 | 48 |
PA 4.6 + 15 wt.% CB I | 77 | 292 | 89 | 276 | 270 | 50 |
PA 4.6 + 20 wt.% CB I | 77 | 292 | 81 | 277 | 271 | 48 |
PA 4.6 + 25 wt.% CB I | 76 | 292 | 79 | 277 | 270 | 50 |
PA 4.6 + 10 wt.% CB II | 76 | 291 | 92 | 275 | 269 | 49 |
PA 4.6 + 15 wt.% CB II | 76 | 292 | 88 | 275 | 269 | 50 |
PA 4.6 + 10 wt.% CB III | 75 | 291 | 90 | 275 | 269 | 48 |
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PA 6.10 and PA 4.6* Based Composites | ||||
Injection volume [cm3] | 32/38 * | 11/11 * | 10/10 * | 0/0 * |
Injection speed [cm3/s] | 100/160 * | 100/160 * | 80/80 * | 80/80 * |
Neat PA 4.6 | ||||
Injection volume [cm3] | 36 * | 12 * | 10 * | 0 * |
Injection speed [cm3/s] | 100 * | 100 * | 80 * | 80 * |
Neat PA 4.6/15 wt.% CB II | ||||
Injection volume [cm3] | 37 * | 10 * | 9 * | 0 * |
Injection speed [cm3/s] | 160 * | 160 * | 100 * | 100 * |
PA 6.10 and PA 4.6* Based Composites | PA 4.6/15 wt.% CB II | |
---|---|---|
Cylinder 1 | 270/315 * | 315 * |
Cylinder 2 | 260/305 * | 305 * |
Cylinder 3 | 250/295 * | 295 * |
Nozzle | 270/350 * | 335 * |
Mold (Ejector side) | 133/128 * | 128 * |
Mold (Nozzle side) | 120/109 * | 109 * |
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Nagel, J.; Hanemann, T.; Rapp, B.E.; Finnah, G. Enhanced PTC Effect in Polyamide/Carbon Black Composites. Materials 2022, 15, 5400. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15155400
Nagel J, Hanemann T, Rapp BE, Finnah G. Enhanced PTC Effect in Polyamide/Carbon Black Composites. Materials. 2022; 15(15):5400. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15155400
Chicago/Turabian StyleNagel, Julian, Thomas Hanemann, Bastian E. Rapp, and Guido Finnah. 2022. "Enhanced PTC Effect in Polyamide/Carbon Black Composites" Materials 15, no. 15: 5400. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15155400