The Role of Chemokines in Cervical Cancers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
3. CC Chemokine Ligands (CCL) in Cervical Cancer Biology
3.1. CCL2
3.2. CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, and CCL8
3.3. CCL17 and CCL19
3.4. CCL20 and CCL22
4. CXC Chemokines and Its Receptors in Cervical Cancer
4.1. CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL3
4.2. CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL8, and CXCL10
4.3. CXCL11 and CXCL12
4.4. CXCL13 and CXCL16
5. The Role of Chemokines in Checkpoint Activation/Inhibition in Cervical Cancer
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemokine. | Effects of the Chemokine | Effects in Cervical Cancer | Receptor | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
CCL2 (MCP-1) | Migration, infiltration of monocytes and macrophages | Crosstalk between mononuclear cells and HPV-infected epithelia | CCR-2 | [24,26] |
CCL5 (RANTES) | Chemoattractant for monocytes, memory T-cells, basophils, eosinophils | Elevated in primary tumor and metastatic lesions | CCR-5 | [39] |
CCL8 (MCP-2) | Recruitment of macrophages via CCR-2- NFκB-pathway | Independent prognosticator for cervical cancer progression | CCR-2 | [41] |
CCL17 (TARC) | Dose-dependent cell proliferation | High level regulates proliferation of cervical cancer cells via JNK/STAT5 pathways | CCR-4 | [8] |
CCL19 (MIP-3ß), CCL21 | Proinflammatory | Dysfunctional T-cells in HPV16 positive cervical cancer cells | CCR-7 | [42,47] |
CCL20 (MIP-3A) | Chemoattractant for lymphocytes and neutrophils, recruitment of Th17 and Treg cells | Down-regulation by HPV16 E6/E7 | CCR-6 | [11] |
CCL22 | Recruitment of Treg cells | Independent predictor for shorter OS | CCR-4 | [5] |
Chemokine (Alternate Names) | Effects of the Chemokine | Effects in Cervical Cancer | Receptor | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
CXCL1 (GRO1 oncogene, GROα, NAP-3, MGSA-α) | Chemoattractant for immune cells, endothelial tube formation | Increased cervical cancer angiogenesis (AKIP1-dependent) | CXCR2 | [49] |
CXCL2 (GROβ) | Endothelial tube formation | Increased cervical cancer angiogenesis (AKIP1-dependent) - > increased Cervical cancer cell proliferation | CXCR2 | [51] |
CXCL3 (GROγ) | Enhanced proliferation and migration activities | Potential tumor marker and interference target | CXCR2 | [52] |
CXCL5 (ENA78) | Cell proliferation and migration, regulation of expression of tumor-related genes | Contributes to the tumorigenicity of cervical cancer | CXCR2 | [53,54] |
CXCL6 (GCP2) | Chemotactic for neutrophil granulocytes | Inhibition via Micro-RNA-101-5p leads to Inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis | CXCR1, CXCR2 | [55,82] |
CXCL8 (IL-8) | Proinflammatory, endothelial tube formation | Increased cervical cancer angiogenesis (AKIP1-dependent), Expression is correlated with clinical stage, distant metastasis, histological type and grade | CXCR1, CXCR2 | [56,57] |
CXCL10 (IP-10, small-inducible cytokine B10) | Suppression of angiogenesis, modulating formation of micro vessel and expression of E6 and E7 | Prognostic indicator for cervical cancer, May be used as gene therapy in combination with radiotherapy | CXCR3 | [58,59] |
CXCL11 (I-TAC) | Chemotactic for interleukin-activated T-cells | Higher expression of CXCR7 is associated with shorter DFS and OS | CXCR3, CXCR7 | [63,82] |
CXCL12 (SDF1) | Induction of directed cell migration | Chemotaxis and rescue from apoptosis, linked to tumor dissemination and poor prognosis | CXCR4, CXCR7 | [65,66,74] |
CXCL13 (BCA1) | Inhibits cell migration | Low expression is associated with risk of death | CXCR3, CXCR5 | [80] |
CXCL16 | Co-expression with CXCL12/CXCR4 - > durative process in cervical cancer development | Biomarker, prognostic factor | CXCR6 | [81] |
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Garrido, F.; Wild, C.M.; Mittelberger, J.; Dobler, F.; Schneider, M.; Ansorge, N.; Köpke, M.; Strieder, A.; Ditsch, N.; Jeschke, U.; et al. The Role of Chemokines in Cervical Cancers. Medicina 2021, 57, 1141. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/medicina57111141
Garrido F, Wild CM, Mittelberger J, Dobler F, Schneider M, Ansorge N, Köpke M, Strieder A, Ditsch N, Jeschke U, et al. The Role of Chemokines in Cervical Cancers. Medicina. 2021; 57(11):1141. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/medicina57111141
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarrido, Fabian, Carl Mathis Wild, Johanna Mittelberger, Franziska Dobler, Mariella Schneider, Nadine Ansorge, Melitta Köpke, Annamarie Strieder, Nina Ditsch, Udo Jeschke, and et al. 2021. "The Role of Chemokines in Cervical Cancers" Medicina 57, no. 11: 1141. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/medicina57111141