The Evaluation of Clay Suitability for Geopolymer Technology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- -
- the crystallinity of clay (well or poorly ordered kaolinite) [10].
- -
- the number of the aluminum ions affected during the thermal treatment.
- -
- a high amount of small-particle clay after the thermal treatment [16].
2. Experimental Part
2.1. Materials
- A.
- Kaolin clay washed out from sandstone
- Strelec (East-North Bohemia, Czech Republic), a by-product of quartz-sand extraction from sedimentary sandstone (formed in the Cretaceous Period). Yellowish kaolinitic clay fixing the snow-white sand (used in glass production) is washed out during the extraction procedure and deposited in sludge ponds without use. The kaolin has been treated and washed in a laboratory.
- Provodin (North Central Bohemia, Czech Republic), a by-product washed out during the industrial extraction of quartz sand (used in glass production) from sedimentary sandstone (formed in the Cretaceous period), deposited without use. The kaolin has been treated and washed in a laboratory.
- B.
- Kaolin supplied by industrial producers
- Sedlec (West Bohemia, Czech Republic), the most important kaolin, utilized for its properties in the production of fine tableware in Carlsbad. Industrially washed and supplied kaolin, known also as the World Whiteness Standard since 1928, is used mainly in the porcelain industry.
- Kadan (North-West Bohemia, Czech Republic), kaolin formed as enormous pocket-like formations in the coal basin, used as a whitening additive in paper fabrication.
- Kaznejov (South-West Bohemia, Czech Republic), kaolin used mainly for floor- and wall-tile production.
- C.
- Kaolin from unused deposits
- Ledce (West Bohemia, Czech Republic), a drained ancient deposit, formerly used in the production of wall tiles. The kaolin has been treated and washed in a laboratory.
- Vidnava (North Moravia, Czech Republic), a hardly accessible deposit, formerly used for floor- and wall-tile production and as an additive in paper fabrication. The kaolin has been treated and washed in a laboratory.
- D.
- Kaolin from abroad
- Sri Lanka—a deposit close to the village of Bombuwala, used in pottery production. The kaolin has been treated and washed in a laboratory.
- Brazil “B” and Brazil “R”—two different kaolin deposits in South Brazil. Industrially washed and supplied kaolin of unknown use. The samples have been obtained within the framework of international cooperation.
- Ukraine (Prosyanaya deposit), kaolin used in the manufacture of paper, ceramics, refractory materials, paints, fiberglass, plastics, rubber, sealants, and adhesives.
2.2. Material Treatment
2.2.1. Laboratory Washing of Untreated Kaolin
2.2.2. Thermal Treatment of Kaolin
2.2.3. Geopolymer Preparation
3. Methods
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Place | Setting and Hardening Time (Hours) |
---|---|
Kadan | 8 |
Ledce | 8 |
Sedlec | 10 |
Strelec | 12 |
Vidnava | 7 |
Kaznejov | 12 |
Provodin | 12 |
Sri Lanka | 2 |
Ukraine | 7 |
Brazil “B” | 6 |
Brazil “R” | 6 |
Place | SiO2 | Al2O3 | K2O | CaO | Na2O | Fe2O3 | TiO2 | LOI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kadan | 46.81 | 36.57 | 1.37 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 1.22 | 0.53 | 13.00 |
Ledce | 46.56 | 34.78 | 1.16 | 1.89 | 0.11 | 0.68 | 0.78 | 13.62 |
Sedlec | 46.97 | 36.64 | 1.14 | 0.32 | <0.11 | 1.14 | 0.19 | 13.00 |
Strelec | 67.86 | 24.69 | 0.28 | 0.03 | <0.11 | 0.35 | 0.29 | 6.08 |
Vidnava | 54.55 | 34.49 | 0.96 | 0.25 | 0.11 | 2.09 | 0.94 | 5.99 |
Kaznejov | 55.60 | 31.85 | 1.61 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.60 | 1.05 | 8.70 |
Provodin | 72.05 | 19.23 | 2.52 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 1.06 | 0.25 | 4.20 |
Sri Lanka | 48.02 | 38.17 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.88 | 1.05 | 11.44 |
Ukraine | 45.61 | 37.57 | 0.75 | 0.21 | <0.11 | 1.08 | 0.88 | 10.20 |
Brazil “B” | 45.96 | 36.40 | 1.03 | 0.75 | <0.11 | 1.20 | 0.14 | 14.05 |
Brazil “R” | 46.23 | 37.87 | 0.38 | 0.43 | <0.11 | 1.41 | 0.15 | 13.10 |
Place | Major Phases | Minor Phases | Traces |
---|---|---|---|
Kadan | kaolinite (Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O) | muscovite (KAl2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2) | - |
Ledce | kaolinite (Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O) | calcite (CaCO3) | rutile (TiO2) muscovite (KAl2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2) |
Sedlec | kaolinite (Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O) | muscovite (KAl2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2) | - |
Strelec | quartz (SiO2) | kaolinite (Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O) | rutile (TiO2) muscovite (KAl2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2) |
Vidnava | kaolinite (Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O)quartz (SiO2) | calcite (CaCO3) | rutile (TiO2) muscovite (KAl2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2) |
Kaznejov | kaolinite (Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O) | quartz (SiO2) muscovite (KAl2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2) | apophyllite (KCa4Si8O20(O H)·8H2O) |
Provodin | quartz (SiO2) | kaolinite (Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O) | muscovite (KAl2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2) microcline (KAlSi3O8) |
Sri Lanka | kaolinite (Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O) | - | - |
Ukraine | kaolinite (Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O) | rutile (TiO2) | - |
Brazil “B” | kaolinite (Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O) | rutile (TiO2) quartz (SiO2) albite ((Na0.75Ca0.25) (Al1.26 Si2.74O8)) muscovite (KAl2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2) | - |
Brazil “R” | kaolinite (Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O) | rutile (TiO2) quartz (SiO2) albite ((Na0.75Ca0.25) (Al1.26 Si2.74O8)) | - |
Content/Place | Kaolinite (wt. %) | Quartz (wt. %) | Others (wt. %) |
---|---|---|---|
Kadan | 87.9 | - | 10.4 |
Ledce | 83.6 | - | 15.7 |
Sedlec | 90.8 | - | 7.86 |
Strelec | 41.6 | 44.9 | 13.3 |
Vidnava | 45.3 | 44.5 | 6.9 |
Kaznejov | 60.9 | 33.5 | 3.5 |
Provodin | 30.1 | 58.0 | 10.1 |
Sri Lanka | 82.0 | 9.7 | - |
Ukraine | 81.8 | 9.6 | - |
Brazil “B” | 83.0 | 8.9 | 6.8 |
Brazil “R” | 89.0 | 6.9 | 2.5 |
Place/Size | up to 2 μm (wt. %) | up to 4 μm (wt. %) | up to 10 μm (wt. %) | up to 20 μm (wt. %) | up to 45 μm (wt. %) | up to 140 μm (wt. %) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kadan | 15.54 | 30.33 | 61.73 | 85.31 | 99.53 | 100.00 |
Ledce | 14.98 | 36.02 | 79.40 | 98.83 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Sedlec | 22.31 | 42.51 | 73.21 | 91.14 | 98.91 | 100.00 |
Strelec | 6.38 | 14.35 | 32.07 | 51.80 | 79.66 | 99.83 |
Vidnava | 22.81 | 42.42 | 72.39 | 89.47 | 97.05 | 100.00 |
Kaznejov | 6.41 | 13.44 | 39.49 | 72.98 | 95.56 | 100.00 |
Provodin | 5.73 | 15.61 | 44.79 | 63.74 | 80.31 | 99.68 |
Sri Lanka | 12.33 | 24.87 | 46.00 | 63.15 | 86.01 | 99.79 |
Ukraine | 22.30 | 44.14 | 79.14 | 96.30 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Brazil “B” | 13.25 | 26.47 | 46.79 | 62.91 | 85.36 | 99.83 |
Brazil “R” | 11.19 | 22.67 | 42.79 | 61.87 | 86.62 | 100.00 |
Height (Counts) | Hinckley Index HI = (A + B)/At | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Place | A (110) | B (111) | At | |
Kadan | 600 | 630 | 2200 | 0.56 |
Ledce | 430 | 400 | 1910 | 0.44 |
Sedlec | 1100 | 1090 | 2530 | 0.87 |
Strelec | 930 | 910 | 1550 | 1.19 |
Vidnava | 1160 | 1110 | 3720 | 0.61 |
Kaznejov | 730 | 800 | 1450 | 1.06 |
Provodin | 550 | 550 | 900 | 1.22 |
Sri Lanka | 2950 | 3100 | 5800 | 1.04 |
Ukraine | 1160 | 1110 | 3720 | 0.61 |
Brazil “B” | 1300 | 1000 | 3920 | 0.59 |
Brazil “R” | 1570 | 1380 | 4550 | 0.65 |
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Hanzlíček, T.; Perná, I.; Uličná, K.; Římal, V.; Štěpánková, H. The Evaluation of Clay Suitability for Geopolymer Technology. Minerals 2020, 10, 852. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/min10100852
Hanzlíček T, Perná I, Uličná K, Římal V, Štěpánková H. The Evaluation of Clay Suitability for Geopolymer Technology. Minerals. 2020; 10(10):852. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/min10100852
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanzlíček, Tomáš, Ivana Perná, Kateřina Uličná, Václav Římal, and Helena Štěpánková. 2020. "The Evaluation of Clay Suitability for Geopolymer Technology" Minerals 10, no. 10: 852. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/min10100852