Verbascoside: An Efficient and Safe Natural Antibacterial Adjuvant for Preventing Bacterial Contamination of Fresh Meat
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Bacterial Strains and Culture Conditions
2.3. MIC Determination
2.4. Evaluation of Synergistic Effects
2.5. Bacterial Growth Curve Analysis
2.6. Membrane Permeability Assay
2.6.1. Intracellular ATP Concentrations
2.6.2. Intracellular pH (pHin) Measurement
2.6.3. Membrane Potential Assay
2.6.4. Extracellular Conductivity
2.7. Bacterial Membrane Integrity
2.8. Field Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscopy (FEGSEM) Analysis
2.9. Biofilm Eradication Assays
2.10. In Vitro Cytotoxicity
2.11. Total Number of Colony-Forming Units in Meat Samples
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration Values
3.2. Evaluation of Synergistic Effects
3.3. Bacterial Growth Curve Analysis
3.4. Membrane Permeability Assay
3.4.1. Intracellular ATP Concentrations
3.4.2. pHin
3.4.3. Membrane Potential
3.4.4. Electrical Conductivity
3.5. Bacterial Membrane Integrity
3.6. FEGSEM Analysis
3.7. Biofilm Eradication
3.8. In Vitro Cytotoxicity
3.9. Total Number of Colony-Forming Units in Fresh Meat
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Bacterial Strain | MIC (µg/mL) | MIC (µg/mL) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Verbascoside | Moxifloxacin | Levofloxacin | Ceftazidime | ||
S. aureus | ATCC 25923 | 2500 | 32 | 256 | >512 |
MDR S. aureus | SA-575 | 2500 | 32 | 32 | >512 |
SA-596 | 625 | 32 | 256 | >512 | |
P. aeruginosa | ATCC 15442 | 1250 | 32 | 256 | >512 |
MDR P. aeruginosa | PA-69 | 625 | 32 | 256 | >512 |
PA-261 | 2500 | 32 | 128 | >512 |
Bacterial Strain | Agent | MIC (µg/mL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alone | In Combination | FICI | Outcome | |||
S. aureus | ATCC 25923 | Verbascoside | 2500 | 625 | 0.375 | Synergistic |
Vancomycin | 1024 | 128 | ||||
MDR S. aureus | SA-575 | Verbascoside | 2500 | 2500 | 2.000 | Neutral |
Vancomycin | 512 | 512 | ||||
SA-596 | Verbascoside | 625 | 20 | 0.095 | Synergistic | |
Vancomycin | 1024 | 64 | ||||
P. aeruginosa | ATCC 15442 | Verbascoside | 1250 | 20 | 0.516 | Partially synergistic |
Ceftazidime | 1024 | 512 | ||||
MDR P. aeruginosa | PA-69 | Verbascoside | 625 | 156 | 0.281 | Synergistic |
Ceftazidime | 1024 | 32 | ||||
PA-261 | Verbascoside | 2500 | 2500 | 1.125 | Neutral | |
Ceftazidime | 1024 | 128 |
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Shi, C.; Ma, Y.; Tian, L.; Li, J.; Qiao, G.; Liu, C.; Cao, W.; Liang, C. Verbascoside: An Efficient and Safe Natural Antibacterial Adjuvant for Preventing Bacterial Contamination of Fresh Meat. Molecules 2022, 27, 4943. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27154943
Shi C, Ma Y, Tian L, Li J, Qiao G, Liu C, Cao W, Liang C. Verbascoside: An Efficient and Safe Natural Antibacterial Adjuvant for Preventing Bacterial Contamination of Fresh Meat. Molecules. 2022; 27(15):4943. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27154943
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Chunyang, Yangmin Ma, Lei Tian, Jingyi Li, Guaiping Qiao, Chang Liu, Wenqiang Cao, and Chengyuan Liang. 2022. "Verbascoside: An Efficient and Safe Natural Antibacterial Adjuvant for Preventing Bacterial Contamination of Fresh Meat" Molecules 27, no. 15: 4943. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27154943