The Impacts of Planting Patterns Combined with Irrigation Management Practices on Watermelon Growth, Photosynthesis, and Yield
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Data Collection
2.3.1. Soil Water Content Measurement
2.3.2. Photosynthetic Parameters
2.3.3. Watermelon Growth Characteristics Indicators
2.3.4. Yield and the Soluble Solids (TSS) of Watermelon
2.3.5. Leaf Area Index
2.3.6. LER
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Light Interception and Photosynthetic Rate
3.2. The Soil Water Content in the 0–100 cm Soil Layer
3.3. Watermelon Plant Growth
3.4. Watermelon Yield and Fruit Total Soluble Solids
3.5. Correlation and Path Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. The Effect of the Agroforestry Planting Pattern on the Photosynthetic Characteristics of Watermelon
4.2. The Effect of Agroforestry Planting Patterns and Irrigation Strategies on Vertical Distribution of Soil Water Content
4.3. The Effect of Agroforestry Planting Patterns and Irrigation Strategies on Watermelon Growth
4.4. The Effect of Agroforestry Planting Patterns and Irrigation Strategies on Watermelon Yield
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Watermelon Growth Period | Irrigation Date | Irrigation Quota of Watermelon/mm | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
W1 | W2 | W3 | ||
Seedling stage | 17 April | 15 | 30 | 45 |
Vines period | 13 May | 15 | 30 | 45 |
24 May | 15 | 30 | 45 | |
Flowering and fruiting stage | 8 June | 15 | 30 | 45 |
17 June | 15 | 30 | 45 | |
27 June | 15 | 30 | 45 | |
Melon expansion stage | 7 July | 15 | 30 | 45 |
Test of Significance (F Value) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | Pn | SPAD | ||||
2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
Year (Y) | 48.341 ** | 7.934 * | 0.741 | 0.898 | 6.291 * | 8.348 ** |
Irrigation (W) | 8.394 ** | 24.385 ** | 9.660 * | 15.858 ** | 4.000 * | 43.548 ** |
Planting pattern (M) | 33.213 ** | 19.00 ** | 16.486 * | 23.539 * | 33.985 ** | 18.485 ** |
W × M | 0.557 | 1.373 | 0.610 | 0.501 | 1.208 | 1.060 |
The Soil Water Content (%) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flowering and Fruiting Stage | Melon Expansion Stage | |||||||||
Treatment | 0–20 cm | 20–40 cm | 40–60 cm | 60–80 cm | 80–100 cm | 0–20 cm | 20–40 cm | 40–60 cm | 60–80 cm | 80–100 cm |
AFW1 | 12.91 ± 0.8 d | 12.03 ± 0.58 c | 12.85 ± 0.78 c | 13.57 ± 1.01 cd | 14.05 ± 0.45 cd | 12.26 ± 0.77 c | 11.08 ± 0.79 c | 12.15 ± 0.85 c | 13.13 ± 0.95 c | 13.06 ± 0.8 c |
AFW2 | 13.76 ± 0.56 c | 12.49 ± 0.46 c | 13.6 ± 0.66 b | 14.26 ± 0.87 c | 14.8 ± 1.34 c | 13.21 ± 1.36 b | 11.72 ± 0.59 c | 12.8 ± 1.1 c | 13.57 ± 0.71 bc | 14.07 ± 1.04 bc |
AFW3 | 14.56 ± 0.64 b | 13.47 ± 0.98 b | 14.39 ± 1.06 ab | 15.16 ± 0.71 b | 15.73 ± 0.76 b | 13.71 ± 0.4 ab | 12.57 ± 1.11 b | 14.03 ± 0.85 a | 14.06 ± 0.68 b | 14.59 ± 0.93 b |
SCW1 | 13.02 ± 0.51 d | 11.94 ± 0.63 c | 13.69 ± 0.86 b | 14.09 ± 0.6 c | 14.8 ± 0.8 c | 12.78 ± 0.37 bc | 11.99 ± 0.81 bc | 13.01 ± 0.88 b | 13.35 ± 1.43 c | 14.03 ± 1.05 bc |
SCW2 | 14.17 ± 0.35 b | 13.3 ± 0.8 b | 14.68 ± 1.09 ab | 15.24 ± 0.54 b | 15.98 ± 1.26 b | 14.14 ± 0.65 a | 12.53 ± 0.76 b | 13.46 ± 0.54 b | 14.06 ± 0.65 b | 15.09 ± 0.93 ab |
SCW3 | 15.06 ± 0.98 a | 14.21 ± 0.59 a | 15.25 ± 0.84 a | 16.37 ± 0.54 a | 16.7 ± 0.73 a | 14.76 ± 0.93 a | 13.37 ± 0.78 a | 14.52 ± 0.63 a | 15.16 ± 0.69 a | 15.82 ± 1.16 a |
Test of Significance (F Value) | ||||||||||
Year (Y) | 3.08 * | 7.934 * | 0.741 | 0.898 | 6.291 * | 8.348 ** | 5.763 ** | 1.035 | 0.604 | 15.554 * |
Irrigation (W) | 13.222 ** | 24.385 ** | 9.660 * | 15.858 ** | 4.000 * | 43.548 ** | 12.133 ** | 14.539 ** | 10.099 * | 14.352 * |
Planting pattern (M) | 33.213 ** | 19.00 ** | 16.486 * | 23.539 * | 33.985 ** | 18.485 ** | 23.495 ** | 19.43 ** | 3.859 | 21.433 * |
W × M | 0.557 | 1.373 | 0.610 | 0.501 | 1.208 | 1.060 | 0.682 | 1.554 | 1.028 | 0.812 |
Test of Significance (F Value) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LAI | Main Vine Length | Thick Stem | |||||||
2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
Irrigation (W) | 1.484 | 8.495 * | 10.498 * | 0.445 | 6.498 * | 21.092 * | 13.453 * | 17.352 * | 10.450 * |
Planting pattern (M) | 0.873 | 12.594 * | 6.794 * | 1.000 | 13.204 * | 39.481 ** | 1.790 | 9.464 * | 11.245 * |
W × M | 1.349 | 0.584 | 2.541 * | 0.784 | 1.552 * | 2.466 * | 0.583 | 2.654 * | 1.375 * |
Yield (kg ha−1) | Total Soluble Solids (%) | Average Weight (kg) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
AFW1 | 35,743.5 ± 400.94 ab | 34,424 ± 369.21 bc | 33,280.83 ± 208.12 ab | 13.2 ± 0.33 a | 12.47 ± 0.62 ab | 13.46 ± 0.44 a | 6.79 ± 0.49 b | 6.68 ± 0.56 b | 5.81 ± 0.41 c |
AFW2 | 37,126.67 ± 336.19 a | 35,955.83 ± 579.21 ab | 34,294.33 ± 204.63 ab | 12.45 ± 0.44 bc | 10.87 ± 0.62 bc | 11.42 ± 0.11 c | 8.29 ± 0.84 ab | 6.85 ± 1.01 b | 7.03 ± 0.63 c |
AFW3 | 36,314.83 ± 441.42 ab | 37,354.67 ± 264.05 a | 34,858.83 ± 634.19 ab | 11.4 ± 0.08 d | 11.37 ± 0.53 c | 11.6 ± 0.31 c | 7.65 ± 0.89 a | 7.42 ± 0.24 b | 7.63 ± 0.41 b |
SCW1 | 34,238.67 ± 146.06 b | 33,986.67 ± 265.8 c | 32,608 ± 292.86 b | 12.77 ± 0.29 ab | 12.83 ± 0.61 a | 12.67 ± 0.12 b | 7.27 ± 1 a | 6.88 ± 0.97 a | 5.97 ± 0.52 a |
SCW2 | 37,288 ± 396.65 a | 37,354.83 ± 544.56 a | 36,484.83 ± 456.93 a | 12.43 ± 0.17 bc | 11.93 ± 0.45 abc | 11.2 ± 0.08 c | 8.45 ± 0.54 ab | 8.15 ± 0.73 ab | 7.71 ± 0.52 a |
SCW3 | 36,684.17 ± 525.19 ab | 35,627.5 ± 716.25 b | 35,957.5 ± 677.68 a | 11.87 ± 0.17 cd | 11.47 ± 0.49 bc | 10.43 ± 0.17 d | 7.73 ± 0.49 ab | 7.11 ± 0.59 ab | 7.24 ± 0.4 b |
Test of significance (F value) | |||||||||
Irrigation (W) | 36.464 ** | 13.433 ** | 17.484 ** | 22.412 ** | 2.523 | 15.364 ** | 2.584 | 2.593 | 43.535 ** |
Planting pattern (M) | 1.594 | 2.879 | 4.362 * | 0.483 | 3.693 | 9.461 ** | 3.211 | 1.240 | 2.132 |
W × M | 4.542 ** | 2.081 ** | 2.330 ** | 3.190 ** | 1.599 ** | 2.046 ** | 4.324 ** | 0.574 | 1.534 |
Irrigation Strategies | LER | ||
---|---|---|---|
2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
W1 | - | 1.07 | 1.21 |
W2 | - | 1.13 | 1.23 |
W3 | - | 1.14 | 1.26 |
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Qiang, X.; Sun, Z.; Li, X.; Li, S.; Yu, Z.; He, J.; Li, Q.; Han, L.; He, L. The Impacts of Planting Patterns Combined with Irrigation Management Practices on Watermelon Growth, Photosynthesis, and Yield. Plants 2024, 13, 1402. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13101402
Qiang X, Sun Z, Li X, Li S, Yu Z, He J, Li Q, Han L, He L. The Impacts of Planting Patterns Combined with Irrigation Management Practices on Watermelon Growth, Photosynthesis, and Yield. Plants. 2024; 13(10):1402. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13101402
Chicago/Turabian StyleQiang, Xiaolin, Zhaojun Sun, Xingqiang Li, Siqi Li, Zhao Yu, Jun He, Qian Li, Lei Han, and Ling He. 2024. "The Impacts of Planting Patterns Combined with Irrigation Management Practices on Watermelon Growth, Photosynthesis, and Yield" Plants 13, no. 10: 1402. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants13101402