Multi-Objective Optimization of Curing Profile for Autoclave Processed Composites: Simultaneous Control of Curing Time and Process-Induced Defects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Curing Experiment of C-Shaped Specimens
2.2. Numerical Simulation of Curing Process and Verification
2.2.1. Thermo-Chemical Coupled Simulation
2.2.2. Thermo-Mechanical Coupled Simulation
2.2.3. Verification for Simulation
2.3. Optimization of Curing Profile
2.3.1. Optimization Problem Formulation
2.3.2. Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm
Algorithm 1: Pseudo code of optimization. |
Initialize particles to random position and velocities to zero Repeat Update global best and particles best Populate archive with the positions that represent nondominated solation Regenerate adaptive grid For each particle do compute particles velocity according to Equation (19) above calculate particles position according to Equation (20) above Perform cure simulation model evaluate particle fitness End Do Until Termination condition met |
3. Results and Discussion
Experimental Verification
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Layup | Experiment () |
---|---|
1.34 | |
1.36 | |
1.48 |
Material | Property | Value |
---|---|---|
3501-6 resin | 1272 | |
) | ||
R | ||
AS4 fiber | 1790 | |
Property | Value |
---|---|
126 | |
8.3 | |
4.1 | |
2.8 | |
0.3 | |
0.5 | |
0.5 | |
35.3 | |
−0.017% | |
−0.88% |
i | (min) | |
---|---|---|
Design Variable | Parameter | Range | Minimum Increment |
---|---|---|---|
First heating rate | () | [0.5, 5.0] | 0.1 |
Second heating rate | () | [0.5, 5.0] | 0.1 |
First dwell temperature | (K) | [388, 428] | 0.1 |
Second dwell temperature | (K) | [448, 488] | 0.1 |
First dwell time | (s) | [600, 6000] | 60 |
Second dwell time | (s) | [600, 9000] | 60 |
Cooling rate | () | [0.5, 3.0] | 0.1 |
Parameters | Initial | Optimized |
---|---|---|
() | 2.5 | 2.0 |
() | 2.5 | 4.0 |
(K) | 389 | 420.1 |
(K) | 450 | 475.2 |
(s) | 3600 | 720 |
(s) | 3600 | 5760 |
() | 2.5 | 2.9 |
() | 1.218 | 1.256 |
(s) | 18,144 | 14,686 |
1 | 1 | |
0.01038 | 0.01006 |
Measurement () | Simulation Result () | |
---|---|---|
Initial | 1.218 | 1.225 |
Optimized | 1.21 | 1.18 |
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Tang, W.; Xu, Y.; Hui, X.; Zhang, W. Multi-Objective Optimization of Curing Profile for Autoclave Processed Composites: Simultaneous Control of Curing Time and Process-Induced Defects. Polymers 2022, 14, 2815. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14142815
Tang W, Xu Y, Hui X, Zhang W. Multi-Objective Optimization of Curing Profile for Autoclave Processed Composites: Simultaneous Control of Curing Time and Process-Induced Defects. Polymers. 2022; 14(14):2815. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14142815
Chicago/Turabian StyleTang, Wenyuan, Yingjie Xu, Xinyu Hui, and Wenchang Zhang. 2022. "Multi-Objective Optimization of Curing Profile for Autoclave Processed Composites: Simultaneous Control of Curing Time and Process-Induced Defects" Polymers 14, no. 14: 2815. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14142815