Evapotranspiration Acquired with Remote Sensing Thermal-Based Algorithms: A State-of-the-Art Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Surface Energy Balance (SEB) Theory
2.1. Aerodynamic Resistance to Heat Transfer Based on MOST
2.2. Satellite Estimation of To
2.3. Energy Balance Closure Flux Terms Frequently Not Considered
3. Remote Sensing LST-Based ET Algorithms
3.1. Single-Source Energy Balance Models
3.1.1. Surface Energy Balance Index (SEBI) and Simplified-SEBI (S-SEBI) Models
3.1.2. Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) Model
3.1.3. Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) Model
3.1.4. Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution and with Internalized Calibration (METRIC) Model
3.2. Land Surface Temperatures–Vegetation Index Triangle/Trapezoidal ET Models
3.3. Dual (Two)-Source Energy Balance (TSEB) Model
4. Limitations, Current Trends and Future Prospects
4.1. Toward High Spatiotemporal Resolution ET Retrievals
4.2. Accurate and Spatial Representative Field Instrumentation
4.3. Operational ET Products
4.4. New Advent of Orbiting Sensors with Improved Spatial and Temporal Features
4.5. SEB Closure and Impact of Advection Term
4.6. Machine Learning ET Retrievals
4.7. Merging ET Models
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year, Reference | SR | N | Sensor | Uncertainty (mm/d) | Type of Surface |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2005, [44] | 20 m | 19 | Airborne | RMSE/bias = 1/0.2 | corn, alfalfa, sunflower and wheat |
2005, [96] | 1100 m | 520 | AVHRR | RMSE = 1.2 | forest |
2011, [97] | 90 m | 11 | ASTER | RMSE = 0.8 | vineyard |
2014, [45] | 90 m | 7 | ASTER | RMSE/bias = 4/1 | wheat, brocoli, frijoles chili, potatoes, chickpea, sunflower, orange and corn |
2016, [98] | 30 m | 149 | Landsat 5-TM Landsat 7-ETM | RMSE = 0.9 | Citric Orchad, grazing, swamps, lakes |
2017, [99] | 30 m | 19 | Landsat 7-ETM Landsat 8-TIRS | RMSE = 0.9 | sorghum |
2017, [100] | 1000 m | 248 | MODIS | RMSE/bias = 2/0.2 | Pine trees, Green manure–weed– mustard (irrigated), Rice–rice (irrigated), Soybean–wheat (irrigated), Mixed crops (sugarcane, vegetables, turmeric, maize) |
2019, [101] | 30 m | 52 | Landsat 8-TIRS | RMSE = 1.12 | Cropland (corn and muskmelon) |
Year, Reference | SR | N | Sensor | Uncertainty (mm/d) | Type of Surface |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2002, [46] | Tower footprint scale | 620 | Field Campaign Data | RMSE/MAD = 1 to 3/0.9 to 1.9 | cotton shrub, brush grass |
2005, [110] | 30 m | 1 | Lansat 7-ETM | RMSE/bias = 1 to 3/0.3 to 0.6 | corn soybean |
2006, [14] | 60 m | 1 | Landsat 7-ETM | bias = 0.2 | corn, soybean |
90 m | ASTER | bias = 0.6 | |||
1000 m | MODIS | bias = 2 | |||
2007, [111] | 7–10 km | 935 | GSM 5-VISSR | RMSE = 5 | Tibetan plateau |
2007, [112] | 1000 m | 164 | MODIS | RMSE/bias = 0.7 to 4/−1 to −0.17 | Meadow, forest and corn |
2010, [113] | 1000 m | - | MODIS | RMSE/bias/MAD = 2/0.2 to 1.1/1.6 | wheat, corn |
2011, [114] | 1000 m | 33 | MODIS | RMSE/bias = 3/1.7 | wheat, corn |
2014, [45] | 90 m | 7 | ASTER | RMSE = 5 | wheat, brocoli, frijoles chili, potatoes, chickpea sunflower, orange and corn |
2015, [115] | 1000 m | - | AATSR | RMSE = 1.2 | varied non-especified surfaces (crop, forest, etc.) |
2016, [98] | 30 m | 149 | Landsat 5-TM Landsat 7-ETM | RMSE = 0.74 | Citric Orchad, grazing, swamps, lakes |
2017, [99] | 30 m | 19 | Landsat 7-ETM Landsat 8-TIRS | RMSE = 1.1 | sorghum |
2018, [116] | 30 m | 11 | Landsat 8-TIRS | RMSE/MAD = 0.22/0.21 | double-cropped rice, peanut/sweet potato rotation, and orange groves |
2019, [117] | 30 m | 22 | Landsat 5-TM Landsat 7-ETM | RMSE = 1.8 | wheat (dominant crop), barley or cotton in winter |
2019, [101] | 30 m | 52 | Landsat 8-TIRS | RMSE = 1.3 | Cropland (corn and muskmelon) |
2020, [118] | 30 m | 27 | Landsat 8-TIRS | RMSE = 0.8 | processing tomatoes and maize |
2021, [119] | 30 m | 42 | Landsat 7-ETM Landsat 8-TIRS | RMSE/bias/MAD = 1.3/−0.2/0.9 | winter wheat |
Year, Reference | SR | N | Sensor | Uncertainty (mm/d) | Type of Surface |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2005, [132] | 90 m | 1 | ASTER | RMSE/bias = 1.3/0.04 | corn, soybean |
2007, [133] | 6–12 m | 5 | airborne | RMSE/MAD = 2.4/2.0 | shrubs, meadow wheat |
2009, [134] | 15 m | 1 | airborne | bias = 0.02 | olive, vineyard and citric orchads |
2009, [135] | 30 m | 10 | Landsat 5-TM | RMSE = 1.2 | Mango, vineyard, vegetation |
Landsat 7-ETM | RMSE = 0.4 | ||||
2012, [122] | 30 m | 3 | Landsat 5-TM | RMSE/bias = 1.9/−0.5 | corn, soybean |
Landsat 7-ETM | RMSE/bias * = 1.4/−0.14 | ||||
2012, [136] | 1000 m | 302 | MODIS | RMSE = 0.5 | wheat, corn, sunflower |
2015, [137] | 1000 m | 7 | MODIS | RMSE = 1.5 | several non-especified crops |
2016, [98] | 30 m | 149 | Landsat 5-TM Landsat 7-ETM | RMSE = 0.8 | Citric Orchad, grazing, swamps, lakes |
2017, [99] | 30 m | 19 | Landsat 7-ETM Landsat 8-TIRS | RMSE = 0.97 | sorghum |
2018, [116] | 30 m | 11 | Landsat 8-TIRS | RMSE/MAD = 0.4/0.5 | double-cropped rice, peanut/sweet potato rotation, and orange groves |
2019, [101] | 30 m | 52 | Landsat 8-TIRS | RMSE = 1.3 | Cropland (corn and muskmelon) |
2020, [118] | 30 m | 27 | Landsat 8-TIRS | RMSE = 1.3 | Almond, processing tomatoes and maize |
2021, [119] | 30 m | 42 | Landsat 7-ETM Landsat 8-TIRS | RMSE/bias/MAD = 1/−0.4/0.8 | winter wheat |
Year, Reference | SR | N | Sensor | Uncertainty (mm/d) | Type of Surface |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2009, [141] | 60 m | 2 | Landsat 5-TM Landsat 7-ETM | RMSE/bias = 2.4/0.2 | corn, soybean |
2009, [142] | 120 m 60 m | 2 1 | Landsat 5-TM Landsat 7-ETM | RMSE/bias = 0.6/−0.3 | corn, soybean |
2014, [143] | 120 m 60 m | 16 | Landsat 5-TM Landsat 7-ETM | RMSE/bias = 0.7/0.5 | olive orchads |
2015, [144] | 30 m | 12 | Landsat 5-TM | RMSE/bias = 0.8/−0.1 | cocoa, cotton, wheat, soybean |
MODIS | RMSE/bias * = 0.5/−0.3 | ||||
2015, [145] | 30 m | 34 | Landsat 5-TM Landsat 7-ETM | RMSE/bias = 1.2/−0.3 | cotton |
2016, [98] | 30 m | 149 | Landsat 5-TM Landsat 7-ETM | RMSE = 0.95 | Citric Orchad, grazing, swamps, lakes |
2017, [99] | 30 m | 19 | Landsat 7-ETM Landsat 8-TIRS | RMSE = 1.5 | sorghum |
2019, [117] | 30 m | 22 | Landsat 5-TM Landsat 7-ETM | RMSE = 1.6 | wheat (dominant crop), barley or cotton in winter |
2020, [118] | 30 m | 27 | Landsat 8-TIRS | RMSE = 1.4 | Almond, tomatoes and maize |
2021, [119] | 30 m | 42 | Landsat 7-ETM Landsat 8-TIRS | RMSE/bias/MAD = 1.2/0.4/0.9 | winter wheat |
Year, Reference | SR | N | Sensor | Uncertainty (mm/d) | Type of Surface |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2001, [154] | 1000 m | 6 | AVHRR | RMSE/bias = 3/0.3 | crop, grass, forest |
2003, [155] | 1000 m | 26 | AVHRR | RMSE/bias = 1.6/025 | forest, shrub, wheat, corn, soybean |
2006, [156] | 1000 m | 15 | AVHRR MODIS | RMSE/bias = 1.9/−0.5 | wheat, cotton |
2008, [149] | 5000 m | 123 | SEVIRI | RMSE/bias = 1.4/−0.04 | grazing |
2009, [157] | 1000 m | 730 | AVHRR | RMSE/bias = 1.2/−0.5 | swamp, sugar cane water |
2009, [141] | 60 m | 2 | Landsat 5-TM Landsat 7-ETM | RMSE/bias = 4/0.8 | soybean, corn |
2011, [114] | 1000 m | 33 | MODIS | RMSE/bias = 3/−1.7 | wheat, corn |
2014, [158] | 1000 m | 52 | MODIS | RMSE/MAD = 0.9/0.7 | grazing, shrub |
2017, [100] | 1000 m | 248 | MODIS | RMSE/bias = 1.4/0.07 | Pine trees, Green manure–weed– mustard (irrigated), Rice–rice (irrigated), Soybean–wheat (irrigated), Mixed crops (sugarcane, vegetables, turmeric, maize) |
2019, [117] | 1000 m | - | MODIS | RMSE/bias = 3/0.9 to 1.3 | corn fields, sandy deserts, desert steppe, Gobi Desert, wetlands, and orchards |
2021, [119]) | 30 m | 42 | Landsat 7-ETM Landsat 8-TIRS | RMSE/bias/MAD = 1.1/−0.4/0.8 | winter wheat |
Year, Reference | SR | N | Sensor | Uncertainty (mm/d) | Type of Surface |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2005, [171] | 60–120 m | 3 | Landsat 5-TM Landsat 7-ETM | RMSE/bias = 1.7/1.4 | corn, soybean |
2005, [132] | 90 m | 1 | ASTER | RMSE/bias = 3 | corn, soybean |
2007, [133] | 6–12 m | 5 | airborne | RMSE/MAD = 2/1.9 | shrub, grazing, wheat |
2008, [172] | 30–120 m | 3 | Landsat 5-TM | RMSE = 1.2 | grass, shrub |
2009, [141] | 60 m | 2 | Landsat 5-TM Landsat 7-ETM | RMSE/bias = 2.4/1.3 | corn, soybean |
2009, [142] | 60–120 m | 3 | Landsat 5-TM Landsat 7-ETM | RMSE/bias = 0.6/−0.06 | corn, soybean |
2009, [134] | 15 m | 1 | airborne | bias = −0.04 | olive, vineyard and citric orchads |
2011, [114] | 1000 m | 33 | MODIS | RMSE/bias = 1.7/0.4 | wheat, corn |
2012, [173] | 30 m | 2 | Landsat 5-TM | RMSE/bias/MAD = 1.9/0.5/1.4 | cotton |
2012, [174] | 30 m | 3 | Landsat series 5 and 7 | RMSE/bias = 1.6/0.4 | corn, soybean |
90 m | 1 | ASTER | RMSE/bias = 2.2/−0.17 |
Year, Reference | SR | N | Sensor | Uncertainty (mm/d) | Type of Surface |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013, [175] | 30 m | 5 | Landsat 5-TM Landsat 7-ETM | RMSE/bias/MAD = 1.4/−0.2/1.1 | corn, soybean |
2014, [176] | 30 m | 11 | Landsat 5-TM Landsat 7-ETM | RMSE/bias/MAD = 1.5/−0.7/1.4 | corn, cotton, soybean |
2014, [45] | 90 m | 7 | ASTER | RMSE = 4 | wheat, brocoli, frijoles chili, potatoes, chickpea, sunflower, orange and corn |
2015, [145] | 30 m | 34 | Landsat 5-TM Landsat 7-ETM | RMSE/bias = 1/−0.9 | cotton |
2015, [177] | 90 m | 6 | ASTER | RMSE/bias = 1.8/0.17 | crops surrounded by desert |
2016, [178] | 0.06 m | 10 | Drone | RMSE/MAD = 1.8/1.5 | Olives orchads |
2016, [179] | 30 m | 22 | Landsat 8-TIRS | RMSE/bias/MAD = 0.7/0.2/0.5 | vineyard |
2016, [180] | 90 m | 9 | ASTER | RMSE/bias = 2.4/0.5 | cron, vegetables and trees |
2017, [181] | 30 m | 8 | Landsat 7-ETM Landsat 8-TIRS | RMSE/bias/MAD = 0.9/−0.1/0.7 | forest |
2018 [160] | 30 m | 5 | Landsat 5-TM | RMSE/bias = 0.2/−0.6 | Olives orchads |
2020, [182] | 90 m | 9 | ASTER | RMSE/bias = 4/3 | vegetables, maize and orchard |
2021, [119] | 30 m | 42 | Landsat 7-ETM Landsat 8-TIRS | RMSE/bias/MAD = 1.5/0.3/1.1 | winter wheat |
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García-Santos, V.; Sánchez, J.M.; Cuxart, J. Evapotranspiration Acquired with Remote Sensing Thermal-Based Algorithms: A State-of-the-Art Review. Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 3440. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs14143440
García-Santos V, Sánchez JM, Cuxart J. Evapotranspiration Acquired with Remote Sensing Thermal-Based Algorithms: A State-of-the-Art Review. Remote Sensing. 2022; 14(14):3440. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs14143440
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarcía-Santos, Vicente, Juan Manuel Sánchez, and Joan Cuxart. 2022. "Evapotranspiration Acquired with Remote Sensing Thermal-Based Algorithms: A State-of-the-Art Review" Remote Sensing 14, no. 14: 3440. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs14143440