Effect of Changing Match Format from Halves to Quarters on the Performance Characteristics of Male University Field Hockey Players
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Approach to the Problem
2.2. Participants
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Performance Characteristics (Descriptive Data)
3.2. Performance Characteristics (Multilevel Models)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean ± SD | ||
---|---|---|
Performance Characteristic | 2018–2019 (2 × 35 min Halves) | 2019–2020 (2 × 2 × 17.5 min Quarters) |
Time on pitch (min) | 48.2 ± 9.4 | 50.7 ± 9.9 |
Total distance (m) | 6424 ± 893 | 6456 ± 820 |
Distance per minute (m·min−1) | 135 ± 15 | 130 ± 15 |
High-speed running (m) | 1485 ± 412 | 1434 ± 433 |
High-speed running% (%total distance) | 20.6 ± 5.6 | 18.6 ± 5.4 |
Accelerations (n) | 75 ± 16 | 78 ± 18 |
Accelerations per minute (n·min−1) | 1.61 ± 0.45 | 1.59 ± 0.46 |
Decelerations (n) | 76 ± 15 | 81 ± 18 |
Decelerations per minute (n·min−1) | 1.62 ± 0.40 | 1.66 ± 0.47 |
HRAVE (b·min−1) | 173 ± 8 | 168 ± 11 |
%Maximum heart rate | 85.9 ± 3.6 | 83.4 ± 4.6 |
HRPEAK (b·min−1) | 195 ± 6 | 193 ± 8 |
HRPEAK (%Maximum heart rate) | 96.9 ± 2.0 | 96.2 ± 2.3 |
Time spent > 85% HRMAX (min) | 32.8 ± 10.9 | 28.0 ± 10.8 |
Percentage time > 85% HRMAX (%) | 67.4 ± 16.1 | 56.1 ± 20.6 |
Mean ± SD | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Performance Characteristic | 1st Quarter | 2nd Quarter | 3rd Quarter | 4th Quarter |
Time on pitch (min) | 12.5 ± 3.3 | 12.8 ± 3.2 | 12.9 ± 3.7 | 12.7 ± 3.5 |
Total distance (m) | 1652 ± 339 | 1643 ± 344 | 1573 ± 368 | 1587 ± 402 |
Distance per minute (m·min−1) | 135 ± 19 | 131 ± 17 | 125 ± 19 | 127 ± 19 |
High-speed running (m) | 364 ± 139 | 356 ± 140 | 342 ± 138 | 347 ± 148 |
High-speed running% (%total distance) | 22.4 ± 7.7 | 21.7 ± 7.0 | 22.0 ± 7.4 | 22.0 ± 7.6 |
Accelerations (n) | 20 ± 7 | 19 ± 7 | 19 ± 7 | 19 ± 7 |
Accelerations per minute (n·min−1) | 1.70 ± 0.57 | 1.58 ± 0.57 | 1.52 ± 0.53 | 1.52 ± 0.53 |
Decelerations (n) | 21 ± 6 | 20 ± 7 | 19 ± 7 | 19 ± 7 |
Decelerations per minute (n·min−1) | 1.77 ± 0.58 | 1.65 ± 0.56 | 1.56 ± 0.55 | 1.59 ± 0.56 |
HRAVE (b·min−1) | 170 ± 12 | 170 ± 12 | 166 ± 13 | 166 ± 14 |
%Maximum heart rate | 84.5 ± 5.2 | 84.5 ± 5.1 | 82.3 ± 5.9 | 82.4 ± 6.0 |
HRPEAK (b·min−1) | 191 ± 9 | 191 ± 8 | 188 ± 9 | 186 ± 11 |
HRPEAK (%Maximum heart rate) | 94.9 ± 3.0 | 94.9 ± 2.6 | 93.7 ± 3.6 | 92.5 ± 4.3 |
Time spent > 85% HRMAX (min) | 7.5 ± 3.3 | 7.7 ± 3.5 | 6.4 ± 3.3 | 6.4 ± 3.4 |
Percentage time > 85% HRMAX (%) | 60.8 ± 23.8 | 60.8 ± 23.5 | 51.1 ± 24.2 | 51.0 ± 24.4 |
Dependent Variable | Total Distance (m) | High-Speed Running Distance (m) | Accelerations (n) | Decelerations (n) | %Maximum Heart Rate | Percentage of time spent at >85% HRMAX (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SE) | |||||||
Fixed Component | |||||||
Baseline | Intercept | 4415 (92) | 830 (61) | 45 (3) | 46 (3) | 84.2 (1.5) | 63.4 (4.8) |
Season (Ref: 2018–2019) | 2019–2020 | −221 (30) * | −120 (19) * | −1 (1) | −1 (1) | −0.6 (0.4) | −3.1 (1.5) * |
Position (Ref: Defenders) | Midfielders | +632 (110) a | +429 (73) a | +19 (4) a | +20 (3) a | +2.0 (1.8) | +6.4 (5.8) |
Forwards | +734 (109) a | +633 (72) ab | +25 (4) ab | +24 (3) ab | +1.5 (1.7) | +6.3 (5.7) | |
Half (Ref: 1st Half) | 2nd Half | −235 (19) + | −70 (12) + | −4 (1) + | −4 (1) + | −2.2 (0.2) + | −10.3 (0.9) + |
Random Component | |||||||
Between-player SD | 272 | 183 | 10 | 8 | 4.5 | 14.4 | |
Between-match file SD | 323 | 203 | 9 | 9 | 3.6 | 15.3 | |
Δ Deviance | Model 1 to Model 2 (Baseline + Season) | 54 ɫ | 55 ɫ | 4.3 ɫ | 3.0 | 2.4 | 3.7 |
Model 2 to Model 3 (Model 2 + Position) | 30 ɫ | 63 ɫ | 35 ɫ | 33 ɫ | 1.4 | 1.3 | |
Model 3 to Model 4 (Model 3 + Half) | 150 ɫ | 36 ɫ | 59 ɫ | 65 ɫ | 97ɫ | 133 ɫ |
Dependent Variable | Total Distance (m) | High-Speed Running Distance (m) | Accelerations (n) | Decelerations (n) | %Maximum Heart Rate | Percentage of Time Spent at >85% HRMAX (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SE) | |||||||
Fixed Component | |||||||
Baseline | Intercept | 4404 (92) | 835 (61) | 45 (3) | 46 (3) | 84.3 (1.5) | 63.9 (4.9) |
Season (Ref: 2018–2019) | 2019–2020 | −202 (35) * | −128 (22) * | −1 (1) | −1 (1) | −0.7 (0.4) | −3.9 (1.8) * |
Position (Ref: Defenders) | Midfielders | +632 (110) a | +429 (73) a | +19 (4) a | +20 (3) a | +2.0 (1.8) | +6.4 (5.8) |
Forwards | +734 (109) a | +633 (72) ab | +25 (4) ab | +24 (3) ab | +1.5 (1.7) | +6.3 (5.7) | |
Half (Ref: 1st Half) | 2nd Half | −214 (29) + | −80 (18) + | −4 (1) + | −4 (1) + | −2.4 (0.4) + | −11.3 (1.5) + |
Season*Half (Ref: 2018–2019*1st Half) | 2019–2020*2nd Half | −36 (38) | +17 (24) | 0 (1) | 0 (1) | +0.2 (0.5) | +1.6 (1.9) |
Random Component | |||||||
Between-player SD | 272 | 183 | 10 | 8 | 4.5 | 14.4 | |
Between-match file SD | 323 | 203 | 9 | 9 | 3.6 | 15.3 | |
Δ Deviance | Model 4 to Model 5 (Model 4 + Season*Half) | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
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Lam, E.P.; Sunderland, C.D.; Morris, J.G.; Furlong, L.-A.M.; Mason, B.S.; Barrett, L.A. Effect of Changing Match Format from Halves to Quarters on the Performance Characteristics of Male University Field Hockey Players. Sensors 2021, 21, 5490. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21165490
Lam EP, Sunderland CD, Morris JG, Furlong L-AM, Mason BS, Barrett LA. Effect of Changing Match Format from Halves to Quarters on the Performance Characteristics of Male University Field Hockey Players. Sensors. 2021; 21(16):5490. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21165490
Chicago/Turabian StyleLam, Elliot P., Caroline D. Sunderland, John G. Morris, Laura-Anne M. Furlong, Barry S. Mason, and Laura A. Barrett. 2021. "Effect of Changing Match Format from Halves to Quarters on the Performance Characteristics of Male University Field Hockey Players" Sensors 21, no. 16: 5490. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21165490