A Prospective Social Life Cycle Assessment (sLCA) of Electricity Generation from Municipal Solid Waste in Nigeria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Lagos and Abuja
2.2. sLCA—Goal and Scope Definition and Functional Unit
“the prospective management of MSW for WtE electrical power generation in Lagos and Abuja, Nigeria”
2.3. Data Collection
- • Workers: people working in the formal and informal sectors of waste management services,
- • Local Community: individuals living near the dumpsite and possibly the WtE plant.
- • Society: those who are indirectly affected by the quality of the implementation of WtE technology,
- • Consumers: people receiving waste management services and electricity supply.
2.4. Inventory Analysis
Likert Score 5 (Very High) = 39 × 5 = 195
Likert Score 4 (High) = 5 × 4 = 20
Likert Score 3 (Medium) = 2 × 3 = 6
Likert Score 2 (Low) = 16 × 2 = 32
Likert Score 1 (Very Low) = 8 × 1 = 8
3. Results
3.1. Scoring of Social Impact Indicators
3.2. Overall Social Impact of Social Impact Sub-Categories
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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City | Focus Group Number | Number of Participants | Types of Participant | UNEP/SETAC Category |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lagos | 1 | 10 | Waste Pickers | Workers/Local Community |
General public | Consumers | |||
2 | 7 | Academics/Researchers | Society | |
3 | 7 | Lagos State Waste Management Authority | Workers | |
4 | 8 | Private Waste Collection Sector | Workers | |
Abuja | 1 | 8 | Abuja Environmental Protection Board | Workers |
Private Waste Collection Sector | Workers | |||
Nigeria Electricity Regulatory Commission | Society | |||
General Public | Consumers | |||
2 | 7 | Abuja Environmental Protection Board | Workers | |
Private Waste Collection Sector | Workers | |||
Abuja Electricity Distribution Company | Society | |||
General Public | Consumers |
Social Impact Subcategory | Indicator |
---|---|
1. Employment * | 1.1 Number of Jobs created [W] |
1.2 Level of Job Creation Opportunities by WtE [W] | |
2. Public Awareness | 2.1 Level of Awareness of the Electricity Generation from MSW [C], [W], [S] and [LC] |
3. Health and Safety * | 3.1 Level of expected Accidents/injuries/fatalities [W] |
3.2 Occupational health risk perception [W] | |
3.3 Health and Safety awareness [W] | |
3.4 Safety Risk perception of the WtE system [W] | |
3.5 Protective Equipment availability [W] | |
3.6 Effect of WtE service on local community’s health and safe living condition [LC] | |
3.7 Endangerment of WtE service for the local community’s secure living condition [LC] | |
3.8 Effect of air pollution of a WtE plant on Local Community [LC] | |
3.9 Effect of water pollution of a WtE plant on Local Community [LC] | |
3.10 Effect of land pollution of a WtE plant on Local Community [LC] | |
3.11 Effect of noise pollution of a WtE plant on Local Community [LC] | |
4. Location | 4.1 Effect of proximity of a WtE plant on local residences in terms of public health concerns [LC] |
4.2 Effect of proximity of a WtE plant on local residences in terms of significant environmental problems [LC] | |
4.3 Effect of the proximity of a WtE plant on local residences in terms of sale or rent of properties [LC] | |
4.4 Effect of the proximity of a WtE plant on local residences in terms of promoting economic/commercial activities [LC] | |
4.5 Effect of the proximity of a WtE plant on local residence in terms of encouraging job creation [LC] | |
4.6 Level of comfort of having a WtE plant within local vicinity [LC] | |
4.7 Waste Management as the most critical factor in the implementation of a WtE plant [LC] | |
4.8 Electricity Production as the most critical factor in the implementation of WtE plant [LC] | |
4.9 Environmental Pollution as the most critical factor in the implementation of a WtE plant [LC] | |
4.10 Aesthetics as the most critical factor in the implementation of a WtE plant [LC] | |
4.11 Local Traffic burden as the most critical factor in the implementation of a Waste to Energy plant [LC] | |
4.12 Job creation as the most critical factor in the implementation of WtE plant [LC] | |
4.13 Safety of WtE plant on Public Health [LC] | |
4.14 Opposition to the Construction of WtE plant in town/region [LC] | |
5. Contribution of Waste Management to Economic Development * | 5.1 Percentage Contribution of Waste Management to the GDP of Nigeria [S] |
5.2 Contribution Level of WtE to Economic Development [S] | |
5.3 Amount of revenue generated annually generated from waste management (US$) [S] | |
6. Public Acceptance | 6.1 Extent of public acceptance for WtE technology [C], [W], [LC] and [S] |
7. Government Policy | 7.1 Extent of Strategic Action on policies on waste management/WtE [W] |
7.2 Adequacy of laws regulating waste management [W] | |
7.3 Strength of waste management institutions [W] | |
8. Education and Training * | 8.1 Adequacy of public education on waste management [W] |
8.2 Adequacy of level of training of waste workers [W] | |
9. Improved Sanitation | 9.1 Implementation and Access to Improved Sanitation due to WtE [C] |
9.2 Encouragement in the participation in waste sorting and other sanitation exercise due to WtE [C] | |
9.3 Effect on the payment for sanitation services due to WtE [C] | |
10. Improved Electricity Supply | 10.1 Amount of Electricity Supplied Annually (kWh) [S] |
10.2 Extent of improvement in electricity supply [S] | |
11. Income | 11.1 Impact of WtE on Monthly Income of Workers (US$) [W] |
11.2 Impact of WtE on Monthly Income of Consumers (US$) [C] | |
11.3 Impact of WtE on Paid Living Wage [W] | |
11.4 Impact of WtE on Regular Payment [W] |
Number of Respondents By Category | ||
---|---|---|
Lagos | Abuja | |
Stakeholder Groups | ||
Workers | 20 (29%) | 20 (31%) |
Local Community | 10 (14%) | 10 (15%) |
Society | 10 (14%) | 10 (15%) |
Consumers | 30 (43%) | 25 (39%) |
Gender | ||
Male | 47 (67%) | 43 (66%) |
Female | 23 (33%) | 22 (34%) |
Age | ||
20–30 | 20 (29%) | 19 (29%) |
31–40 | 16 (23%) | 14 (22%) |
41–50 | 32 (45%) | 30 (46%) |
50 and Above | 2 (3%) | 2 (3%) |
Educational Qualification | ||
Primary School Certificate | 5 (7%) | 7 (11%) |
Secondary School Certificate | 10 (14%) | 21 (32%) |
Bachelor’s Degree | 35 (50%) | 23 (35%) |
Master’s Degree | 16 (23%) | 13 (20%) |
Doctorate Degree | 4 (6%) | 1 (2%) |
Monthly Income Level (US$) | ||
Less than 200 | 6 (9%) | 15 (23%) |
200–300 | 31 (44%) | 26 (40%) |
300 and Above | 33 (47%) | 24 (37%) |
Occupational Sector | ||
Public | 30 (43%) | 45 (62%) |
Private | 40 (57%) | 25 (38%) |
Total (all respondents by city) | 70 (100%) | 65(100%) |
Scores Assigned for ‘Bands’ of Numerical Data | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicator | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Number of Jobs Created in Waste Management Sector | 0–10,000 | 10,001–20,000 | 20,001–30,000 | 30,001–40,000 | 40,001–50,000 |
Contribution of the Waste Management Sector to Economic Development (% of GDP) | 0–1.49% | 1.5–2.49% | 2.5–3.49% | 3.5–4.49% | 4.5–5% |
Annual Revenue Generated from Waste Management (US$) | 0–10,000,000 | 10,000,001–20,000,000 | 20,000,001–30,000,000 | 30,000,001–40,000,000 | 40,000,001–50,000,000 |
Colour Code for Social Impact Subcategory | Scores |
---|---|
Very Negative | 1.0–1.5 |
Negative | 1.5–2.5 |
Neutral | 2.5–3.5 |
Positive | 3.5–4.5 |
Very Positive | 4.5–5.0 |
Proportion (%) of Respondent Scores per Indicator for Likert Scale Scores (Highest Values Indicated in Bold) and Associated Band Score for Indicators from Numerical data | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social Impact Subcategory | Question/Indicator | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Subcategory Average Score |
Very Low | Low | Medium | High | Very High | Lagos Upper | ||
Abuja Lower | |||||||
Employment | Rate the level WtE will create more job opportunities | 0 | 3 | 23 | 31 | 43 | 4.14 |
5 | 3 | 12 | 43 | 37 | 4.05 | ||
Public Awareness | Rate the level of awareness of electricity generation from MSW | 11 | 23 | 3 | 7 | 56 | 3.73 |
12 | 19 | 52 | 17 | 0 | 2.74 | ||
Health and Safety | Rate the expected occurrence of accidents/injuries/fatalities arising from the introduction of WtE | 9 | 19 | 6 | 39 | 29 | 3.60 |
11 | 22 | 49 | 12 | 6 | 2.82 | ||
Rate the existence of occupational health risk associated with WtE | 0 | 9 | 41 | 17 | 33 | 3.74 | |
6 | 25 | 37 | 28 | 5 | 3.00 | ||
Rate the level of health and safety awareness | 0 | 26 | 31 | 19 | 24 | 3.41 | |
11 | 15 | 31 | 28 | 15 | 3.22 | ||
Rate the existence of safety risk in the system | 0 | 44 | 3 | 26 | 27 | 3.36 | |
14 | 22 | 34 | 19 | 12 | 2.94 | ||
Rate the presence of protective equipment with the introduction of WtE | 14 | 0 | 41 | 27 | 17 | 3.33 | |
6 | 34 | 34 | 12 | 14 | 2.94 | ||
Rate the effect of the service on the local community’s health and safe living conditions. | 17 | 20 | 16 | 21 | 26 | 3.19 | |
11 | 31 | 34 | 19 | 6 | 2.78 | ||
Rate the endangerment of the service on the local community’s secure living conditions. | 14 | 26 | 13 | 21 | 26 | 3.19 | |
6 | 34 | 46 | 14 | 0 | 2.68 | ||
Rate the effect of air pollution when building a WtE Plant | 0 | 3 | 34 | 14 | 49 | 4.09 | |
14 | 34 | 31 | 19 | 3 | 2.63 | ||
Rate the effect of water pollution when building a WtE Plant | 0 | 21 | 22.9 | 30 | 26 | 3.60 | |
12 | 31 | 28 | 22 | 8 | 2.82 | ||
Rate the effect of land pollution when building a WtE Plant | 14 | 20 | 6 | 24 | 36 | 3.47 | |
14 | 52 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 2.20 | ||
Rate the effect of noise pollution when building a WtE Plant | 6 | 3 | 17 | 0 | 74 | 4.34 | |
9 | 34 | 31 | 22 | 5 | 2.78 | ||
Location | Rate the effect of the proximity of a WtE plant on the public health of local residence. | 0 | 3 | 40 | 26 | 31 | 3.86 |
11 | 22 | 37 | 28 | 3 | 2.91 | ||
Rate the effect of the proximity of a WtE plant on the environment of the local residence. | 6 | 26 | 51 | 17 | 0 | 2.80 | |
3 | 19 | 43 | 31 | 5 | 3.15 | ||
Rate the effect of the proximity of WtE plant on the sale or rent of properties of local residence. | 0 | 37 | 16 | 27 | 20 | 3.30 | |
14 | 46 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 2.26 | ||
Rate the effect of the proximity of WtE plant on economic/commercial activities of local residence. | 0 | 27 | 41 | 20 | 11 | 3.16 | |
3 | 19 | 31 | 31 | 17 | 3.40 | ||
Rate the effect of the proximity of WtE plant on job creation for local residence. | 0 | 14 | 31 | 44 | 10 | 3.50 | |
5 | 6 | 28 | 28 | 34 | 3.80 | ||
Rate the level of comfort of having WtE plant within your vicinity | 23 | 27 | 13 | 3 | 34 | 2.99 | |
12 | 12 | 34 | 22 | 20 | 3.25 | ||
How would rate managing waste as the most critical factor in the construction of a WtE Plant? | 20 | 23 | 4 | 0 | 53 | 3.70 | |
5 | 6 | 22 | 40 | 28 | 3.80 | ||
How would rate electricity production as the most critical factor in the construction of WtE plant? | 23 | 0 | 0 | 27 | 50 | 3.81 | |
6 | 9 | 19 | 40 | 26 | 3.71 | ||
How would rate environmental pollution is the most critical factor in the construction of WtE plant? | 17 | 26 | 0 | 11 | 46 | 3.43 | |
11 | 9 | 31 | 28 | 22 | 3.40 | ||
How would you rate aesthetics as the most critical factor in the construction of a WtE plant? | 9 | 0 | 66 | 9 | 17 | 3.26 | |
6 | 15 | 15 | 25 | 39 | 3.74 | ||
How would you rate local traffic burden as the most critical factor in the construction of a WtE plant? | 23 | 0 | 11 | 26 | 40 | 3.60 | |
8 | 15 | 15 | 25 | 37 | 3.68 | ||
Contribution to Economic Development | Rate the contribution WtE contribute to economic development | 0 | 9 | 6 | 39 | 47 | 4.24 |
6 | 15 | 15 | 25 | 39 | 3.74 | ||
Public Acceptance | Rate the extent the public would accept the technology | 0 | 0 | 13 | 46 | 41 | 4.29 |
5 | 9 | 34 | 34 | 19 | 3.52 | ||
Government Policy | How would you rate the strategies for the action of policies for waste management/WtE? | 0 | 3 | 23 | 16 | 59 | 4.30 |
9 | 12 | 49 | 25 | 5 | 3.03 | ||
How would rate adequacy of laws regulating waste management? | 0 | 11 | 29 | 24 | 36 | 3.84 | |
11 | 28 | 52 | 6 | 3 | 2.63 | ||
How would you rate the strength of the waste management institutions? | 3 | 3 | 36 | 20 | 39 | 3.89 | |
9 | 22 | 43 | 22 | 5 | 2.91 | ||
Education and Training | How you rate the level of public education on waste management? | 0 | 4 | 57 | 19 | 20 | 3.54 |
9 | 40 | 31 | 12 | 8 | 2.69 | ||
Rate the level of training of waste workers | 0 | 9 | 30 | 23 | 39 | 3.91 | |
14 | 40 | 28 | 19 | 0 | 2.51 | ||
Improved Sanitation | Rate the level that WtE will increase the access to improved sanitation | 9 | 9 | 11 | 7 | 64 | 4.10 |
6 | 25 | 19 | 31 | 20 | 3.34 | ||
Rate the extent that WtE will improve the implementation of sanitation | 3 | 9 | 6 | 29 | 54 | 4.23 | |
5 | 19 | 18 | 46 | 12 | 3.43 | ||
Rate the extent that WtE will encourage the participation in sanitation exercise | 7 | 0 | 33 | 11 | 49 | 3.94 | |
0 | 0 | 31 | 52 | 17 | 3.86 | ||
Rate the extent the introduction of WtE will affect the percentage of payment for sanitation services | 3 | 3 | 11 | 27 | 56 | 4.30 | |
8 | 22 | 28 | 40 | 3 | 3.09 | ||
Improved Electricity Supply | Rate the extent the adoption of WtE will improve the electricity supply | 0 | 0 | 11 | 23 | 66 | 4.54 |
3 | 6 | 15 | 43 | 32 | 3.95 | ||
Income | Rate the impact of WtE on disposable income of public servants | 0 | 9 | 34 | 19 | 39 | 3.87 |
20 | 46 | 25 | 9 | 0 | 2.23 | ||
Rate the impact of WtE on disposable income of consumers | 0 | 4 | 60 | 10 | 26 | 3.57 | |
9 | 37 | 37 | 9 | 8 | 2.69 | ||
Rate the impact of WtE on paid living wage | 0 | 6 | 36 | 21 | 37 | 3.90 | |
14 | 55 | 22 | 9 | 0 | 2.26 | ||
Rate the impact of WtE on regular payments | 0 | 13 | 14 | 36 | 37 | 3.97 | |
6 | 43 | 28 | 15 | 8 | 2.75 |
Social Impact Subcategory | Indicator | Lagos | Abuja |
---|---|---|---|
Employment | Number of Jobs created | 3 | 2 |
[27,206 workers] | [4536 workers] | ||
Contribution of the Waste Management Sector to Economic Development | Percentage Contribution of Waste Management to the GDP of Nigeria (%) | 4 | 4 |
[3.75] | [3.75] | ||
Amount of revenue generated annually from waste management (US$) | 2 | 1 | |
[13,935,483 (in 2019)] | [2,522,448 (in 2019)] | ||
Improved Electricity Supply | Amount of Electricity Supplied Annually (kWh) | 3 | 4 |
[225,146,323 (in 2019)] | [379,925,755 (in 2019)] |
Social Impact Subcategory | Social Impact Scores | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Lagos (n = 70) | Abuja (n = 65) | Combined | Kruskall-Wallis Test Statistic (df = 1) | |
Employment | 4.144 | 4.051 | 4.102 | 0.08 ns |
(0.88) | (1.02) | (0.95) | ||
Public Awareness | 3.738 | 2.749 | 3.258 | 16.17 *** |
(1.58) | (0.89) | (1.38) | ||
Health and Safety | 3.5710 | 2.808 | 3.209 | 29.72 *** |
(0.88) | (0.13) | (0.75) | ||
Location | 3.4011 | 3.376 | 3.397 | 2.86 ns |
(0.55) | (0.24) | (0.43) | ||
Contribution of Waste Management to Economic Development | 4.243 | 3.743 | 4.003 | 4.46 * |
(0.91) | (1.29) | (1.13) | ||
Public Acceptance | 4.292 | 3.524 | 3.924 | 19.95 *** |
(0.68) | (1.05) | (0.99) | ||
Government Policy | 4.016 | 2.867 | 3.456 | 87.16 *** |
(0.43) | (0.41) | (0.72) | ||
Education and Training | 3.738 | 2.6010 | 3.1910 | 105.96 *** |
(0.30) | (0.24) | (0.63) | ||
Improved Sanitation | 4.144 | 3.435 | 3.805 | 52.68 *** |
(0.63) | (0.23) | (0.59) | ||
Improved Electricity Supply | 4.541 | 3.952 | 4.261 | 14.76 *** |
(0.69) | (1.01) | (0.91) | ||
Income | 3.837 | 2.4811 | 3.1811 | 104.76 *** |
(0.25) | (0.25) | (0.72) | ||
Average Score | 3.97 | 3.23 | ||
(0.34) | (0.56) | |||
Kruskall–Wallis test statistic for subcategories between the two cities (df = 1) | 257.97 *** |
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Nubi, O.; Morse, S.; Murphy, R.J. A Prospective Social Life Cycle Assessment (sLCA) of Electricity Generation from Municipal Solid Waste in Nigeria. Sustainability 2021, 13, 10177. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su131810177
Nubi O, Morse S, Murphy RJ. A Prospective Social Life Cycle Assessment (sLCA) of Electricity Generation from Municipal Solid Waste in Nigeria. Sustainability. 2021; 13(18):10177. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su131810177
Chicago/Turabian StyleNubi, Oluwaseun, Stephen Morse, and Richard J. Murphy. 2021. "A Prospective Social Life Cycle Assessment (sLCA) of Electricity Generation from Municipal Solid Waste in Nigeria" Sustainability 13, no. 18: 10177. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su131810177