Comparative Analysis of Chloramphenicol-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Dairy Companies in Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bacterial Isolation
2.2. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
2.3. Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence of Chloramphenicol-Resistant E. faecalis
3.2. Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns
3.3. Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes
3.4. Distribution of Virulence Genes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dairy Company | No. of Farms 1 | No. of Isolates | |
---|---|---|---|
Enterococcus faecalis | Chloramphenicol Resistance (%) | ||
A | 106 | 52 | 32 (61.5) a |
B | 47 | 39 | 16 (41.0) a,b |
C | 120 | 86 | 21 (24.4) b,c |
D | 123 | 124 | 16 (12.9) c |
Total | 396 | 301 | 85 (28.2) |
No. of Antimicrobial Resistance | Resistance Pattern 1 | No. (%) of Isolates | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | D | Total | ||
n = 32 | n = 16 | n = 21 | n = 16 | n = 85 | ||
2 | P-T | 1 (3.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) |
M-P | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) | |
Total | 1 (3.1) | 1 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.4) c | |
4 | A-M-P-T | 3 (9.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (9.5) | 1 (6.3) | 6 (7.1) |
M-P-Q-T | 2 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.4) | |
A-P-Q-T | 1 (3.1) | 1 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) | 3 (3.5) | |
A-O-P-T | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) | |
A-L-P-T | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) | |
I-L-P-T | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) | |
O-P-Q-T | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) | 1 (1.2) | |
Total | 6 (18.8) | 3 (18.8) | 3 (14.3) | 3 (18.8) | 15 (17.6) b | |
5 | A-M-P-Q-T | 9 (28.1) | 2 (12.5) | 4 (19.0) | 2 (12.5) | 17 (20.0) |
A-I-M-P-T | 3 (9.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (9.5) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (5.95) | |
A-L-M-P-T | 1 (3.1) | 2 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) | 4 (4.7) | |
A-I-L-M-P | 0 (0.0) | 2 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.4) | |
A-O-P-Q-T | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (18.8) | 3 (3.5) | |
A-L-P-Q-T | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) | 1 (1.2) | |
Total | 13 (40.6) | 6 (37.5) | 6 (28.6) | 7 (43.8) | 32 (37.6) a | |
6 | A-I-L-M-P-T | 7 (21.9) | 4 (25.0) | 7 (33.3) | 4 (25.0) | 22 (25.9) |
A-L-M-P-Q-T | 4 (12.5) | 1 (6.3) | 3 (14.3) | 1 (6.3) | 9 (10.6) | |
A-M-O-P-Q-T | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) | 1 (1.2) | |
Total | 11 (34.4) | 5 (31.3) | 10 (47.6) | 6 (31.3) | 32 (37.6) a | |
7 | A-I-L-M-P-Q-T | 1 (3.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.4) |
A-I-L-M-O-P-T | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) | |
A-L-M-O-P-Q-T | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) | |
Total | 1 (3.1) | 1 (6.3) | 2 (9.5) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (4.7) b,c |
Antimicrobial Resistance Gene | No. (%) of Isolates | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | D | Total | |
n = 32 | n = 16 | n = 21 | n = 16 | n = 85 | |
Phenicol | |||||
cfr | 2 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.4) |
catA | 14 (43.7) | 4 (25.0) | 8 (38.1) | 5 (31.3) | 31 (36.5) |
catB | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
fexA | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
None | 16 (50.0) | 12 (75.0) | 13 (61.9) | 11 (68.7) | 52 (61.1) |
Tetracycline | |||||
tetL | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) | 2 (9.5) | 1 (6.3) | 4 (4.7) |
tetM | 19 (59.3) a | 0 (0.0) b | 12 (57.1) a | 6 (37.5) a | 37 (43.5) |
tetO | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
tetL + tetM | 11 (34.4) b | 12 (75.0) a | 7 (33.3) a,b | 9 (56.2) a,b | 39 (45.9) |
None | 2 (6.3) | 3 (18.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (5.9) |
Macrolide | |||||
ermA | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
ermB | 29 (90.6) a | 12 (75.0) a,b | 20 (95.2) a | 9 (56.3) b | 70 (82.4) |
mef | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
ermA + ermB | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) |
None | 3 (9.4) b | 3 (18.7) a,b | 1 (4.8) b | 7 (43.7) a | 14 (16.4) |
Oxazolidinone | |||||
optrA | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) | 2 (2.4) |
poxtA | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.8) | 1 (6.3) | 2 (2.4) |
None | 32 (100.0) | 15 (93.7) | 20 (95.2) | 14 (87.4) | 81 (95.2) |
Aminoglycoside | |||||
aac(6″)-Ie-aph(2″)-la | 2 (6.25) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.4) |
aph(2″)-Ib | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
aph(2″)-Ic | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
aph(2″)-Id | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) | 1 (1.2) |
ant(3″)-Ia | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
ant(6′)-Ia | 5 (15.6) | 6 (37.5) | 5 (23.8) | 6 (37.5) | 22 (25.9) |
aac(6″)-Ie-aph(2″)-la + ant(6′)-Ia | 10 (31.3) | 5 (31.3) | 9 (42.9) | 2 (12.5) | 26 (30.6) |
aph(2″)-Ic + ant(6′)-Ia | 1 (3.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.4) |
aph(2″)-Id + ant(6′)-Ia | 1 (3.1) | 3 (18.8) | 2 (9.5) | 3 (18.8) | 9 (10.6) |
aph(2″)-Ic + aph(2″)-Id + ant(6′)-Ia | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) |
None | 13 (40.6) | 2 (12.4) | 3 (14.2) | 4 (25.0) | 22 (25.8) |
Gene | No. (%) of Isolates | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | D | Total | ||
n = 32 | n = 16 | n = 21 | n = 16 | n = 85 | ||
ace | 32 (100.0) | 16 (100.0) | 20 (95.2) | 16 (100.0) | 84 (98.8) | 0.624 |
efaA | 32 (100.0) | 15 (93.8) | 20 (95.2) | 16 (100.0) | 83 (97.6) | 0.386 |
asa1 | 21 (65.6) | 12 (75.0) | 13 (61.9) | 7 (43.8) | 53 (62.4) | 0.308 |
cylA | 4 (12.5) | 2 (12.5) | 3 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (10.6) | 0.493 |
esp | 3 (9.4) | 2 (12.5) | 2 (9.5) | 4 (25.0) | 11 (12.9) | 0.513 |
gelE | 29 (90.6) | 14 (87.5) | 16 (76.2) | 16 (100.0) | 75 (88.2) | 0.173 |
cad1 | 32 (100.0) | 16 (100.0) | 20 (95.2) | 15 (93.8) | 83 (97.6) | 0.386 |
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Bae, S.H.; Yoon, S.; Kim, K.; Kim, Y.B.; Lee, Y.J. Comparative Analysis of Chloramphenicol-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Dairy Companies in Korea. Vet. Sci. 2021, 8, 143. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vetsci8080143
Bae SH, Yoon S, Kim K, Kim YB, Lee YJ. Comparative Analysis of Chloramphenicol-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Dairy Companies in Korea. Veterinary Sciences. 2021; 8(8):143. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vetsci8080143
Chicago/Turabian StyleBae, Sung Hyun, Sunghyun Yoon, Koeun Kim, Yeong Bin Kim, and Young Ju Lee. 2021. "Comparative Analysis of Chloramphenicol-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Dairy Companies in Korea" Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 8: 143. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vetsci8080143