Coupled Wave-2D Hydrodynamics Modeling at the Reno River Mouth (Italy) under Climate Change Scenarios
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Description of the Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Adopted Methodology and Numerical Modelling Chain
- Wind fields in the Adriatic Sea are obtained every 6 h at 8 km horizontal resolution from the Regional Climate Model (RCM) COSMO-CLM [26], a climate version of the operational weather forecast model COSMO-LM [27]. The simulation generating this dataset [28] encompasses the Italian peninsula and its marine regions, describing the climate evolution under the IPCC RCP8.5 scenario [29,30] in the period 1971–2100. The model is initialized by ERA-Interim Reanalysis [31], and the same model provided boundary conditions for the period 1971–2005, and by the coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model CMCC-CM [32] in the period 2006–2100. Compared to previous implementations [33], the validation of the COSMO-CLM wind fields based on in-situ observations along the Italian coast [34] exhibits a particular skill in capturing the wind directional distribution. In turn, results on climatological projections suggest a tendency towards an overall wind energy decrease (in the range of 0–10% across the whole Adriatic Sea), with a stronger decrease along the Bora jets patterns.
- The spectral properties of the sea states in the Adriatic basin are described by means of the phase-averaged wave model SWAN [35] forced by the climatological wind fields from RCM COSMO-CLM [34]. Wave model simulations are carried out under the severe climate change conditions envisaged by the IPCC RCP8.5 scenario in the period 2071–2100 (henceforth referred to as SCE—SCEnarios—dataset) and, for an overall assessment of the model performances, under control conditions in the period 1971–2000 (henceforth referred to as CTR—ConTRol—dataset). The geographical SWAN domain, encompassing the whole Adriatic Sea, is discretized into a curvilinear orthogonal grid with a resolution ranging approximately from nearly 10 km in the southeastern regions to 2 km along the northern Italian coasts. The spectral domain is divided into 25 logarithmically-distributed values between 0.05 and 0.5 Hz and 36 directional sectors. Since the focus of the model is on the northern basin and in the absence of regional wave dataset consistent with the wind forcing, following the same approach described by previous studies [36,37], no waves are prescribed entering the southern boundary, whereas internally-generated energy is allowed to radiate outward.
- The coupled wave-2D hydrodynamics model of the natural beach of Lido di Spina (Figure 1) is implemented by means of the TELEMAC suite [38]. The above-described SWAN results of wave field are extrapolated at the offshore boundary nodes of the detailed mesh performed for TELEMAC runs. The spectral module TOMAWAC (henceforth denoted as TOM [38]) is forced under control and climatological scenarios, and wave-induced currents are taken into account coupling the 2D hydrodynamics module TELEMAC2D (henceforth denoted as TEL2D [39]).
3.2. Past and Projected Future Wave Climate Scenarios
3.2.1. Statistics on Wave Forcings
- the most energetic waves, up to 3.7 m of height, propagate from sectors 50–60° N;
- the most frequent conditions, with wave height up to 1 m, come from 100° N;
- calm sea conditions comprise 20.45% of annual frequency.
3.2.2. Extreme Event Analysis: Joint Probability of Significant Wave Height, Period, and Sea-Level Rise
3.3. Set-up of the Coupled Wave-2D Hydrodynamics Numerical Model
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Wave and Hydrodynamics
4.2. Inundated Areas
- In the northern area, the channel outlet is subject to a general increment of flooded area extension in all the simulated scenarios and despite the absence of river discharges, revealing the high vulnerability of these flood prone areas to climate changes.
- The natural beach of Lido di Spina seems not to be significantly inundated in case of ordinary events both from Sirocco and Bora, as well as in future scenarios as resulted after SCE runs; the area, instead, is much more strongly threatened by the predicted future sea-level rise in case of extreme events (Figure 13 and Figure 14, right panels).
- The older outlet of Bellocchio channel seems not to be particularly affected in terms of inundated area by climate change scenarios under extreme conditions (TR = 25 years), both for Sirocco and Bora events (Figure 13 and Figure 14, right panels). While in case of ordinary event generated by Bora wind (Figure 14, left panel), and already for conditions typical of the CTR scenario, the area experiences a sea inundation that significantly increases in SCE scenario; sea-level rise is also responsible of a significant increase in the flooded area extension also in case of ordinary event generated by Sirocco event (Figure 13, left panel).
4.3. Discussion of the Effects of Expected Climate Changes
- Variation of the wave breaking line position ΔxB (m) calculated asΔxB = xB, SCE − xB, CTR
- Changes in the maximum alongshore currents calculated ΔUls, MAX (%) asΔUls, MAX = (Uls, MAX SCE − Uls, MAX CTR)/Uls, MAX CTR × 100
- The computed percentage of inundated area variation ΔΩ (-) is calculated asΔΩ =(ΩSCE − ΩCTR)/ΩCTR
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chain Level | Model | Extension | Mesh Size Range | Period | Run Type | Forcings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | RCM COSMO-CLM | Italian marine regions [28] | 0.0715° (~8 km) | 1971–2100 | Atmospheric circulation | SST, atmospheric conditions from [31,32] |
b | SWAN | Adriatic Sea | 2–10 km | 1971–2000 | Non-stationary wave fields | From (a), wind at 10-m height |
2071–2100 | Non-stationary wave fields | |||||
c | TELEMAC | Lido di Spina (4 km long and 2 km wide) | 25–50 m | 1971–2000 | Stationary wave fields | From (b), after statistics: wave spectra, sea-level rise |
2071–2100 | Stationary wave fields |
Scenario | Period | Storm Direction | Statistics | TR (year) | Run Name | Hs (m) | Tp (1) (s) | Dir (° N) | PWL (2) (m) | SLR (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CTR | 1971–2000 | Sirocco | Ordinary | 1 | CTR-S1 | 2.50 | 6.56 | 90 | 0.79 | 0.00 |
Sirocco | Extreme | 25 | CTR-S25 | 3.31 | 7.55 | 90 | 1.05 | 0.00 | ||
Bora | Ordinary | 1 | CTR-B1 | 2.76 | 6.64 | 45 | 0.83 | 0.00 | ||
Bora | Extreme | 25 | CTR-B25 | 3.4 | 7.38 | 45 | 1.10 | 0.00 | ||
SCE | 2071–2100 | Sirocco | Ordinary | 1 | SCE-S1 | 2.57 | 6.65 | 90 | 0.81 | +0.70 |
Sirocco | Extreme | 25 | SCE-S25 | 3.77 | 8.06 | 90 | 1.18 | +0.70 | ||
Bora | Ordinary | 1 | SCE-B1 | 2.46 | 6.27 | 45 | 0.79 | +0.70 | ||
Bora | Extreme | 25 | SCE-B25 | 3.31 | 7.28 | 45 | 1.05 | +0.70 |
Event | ΔxB (m) | ΔUls, MAX (%) | ΔΩ (-) |
---|---|---|---|
Sirocco TR = 1 year | −20 | +2 | 9 |
Sirocco TR = 25 years | ±0.0 | +8 | 4 |
Bora TR = 1 year | −200 | −8 | 3.5 |
Bora TR = 25 years | −70 | ±0 | 3 |
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Gaeta, M.G.; Bonaldo, D.; Samaras, A.G.; Carniel, S.; Archetti, R. Coupled Wave-2D Hydrodynamics Modeling at the Reno River Mouth (Italy) under Climate Change Scenarios. Water 2018, 10, 1380. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w10101380
Gaeta MG, Bonaldo D, Samaras AG, Carniel S, Archetti R. Coupled Wave-2D Hydrodynamics Modeling at the Reno River Mouth (Italy) under Climate Change Scenarios. Water. 2018; 10(10):1380. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w10101380
Chicago/Turabian StyleGaeta, Maria Gabriella, Davide Bonaldo, Achilleas G. Samaras, Sandro Carniel, and Renata Archetti. 2018. "Coupled Wave-2D Hydrodynamics Modeling at the Reno River Mouth (Italy) under Climate Change Scenarios" Water 10, no. 10: 1380. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w10101380