Effects on Public Health of Heat Waves to Improve the Urban Quality of Life
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data Source
3. Methodology
3.1. Methodological Approach
3.2. Temperature Analysis for the Base Period (1971–2000)
- First threshold series:
- Second threshold series:
- Third threshold series:
3.3. Extreme Temperature Analysis from 2000 to 2017
- the i-th summer day (i = 1, …, M) in the k-th year (k = 1, ..., N′ N′ = 18 years) is classified as a hot day of the first degree
- the i-th summer day (i =1, …, M) in the k-th year (k = 1, …, N′ N′ = 18 years) is classified as a hot day of the second degree
- the i-th summer day (i = 1, …, M) in the k-th year (k = 1, …, N′ N′ = 18 years) is classified as a hot day of the third degree
- occurrence of at least six consecutive days classified as
- occurrence of at least six consecutive days classified as
- occurrence of at least six consecutive days classified as
3.4. Correlation Analysis of Weather Conditions and Daily Emergency Admissions
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Phung, D.; Guo, Y.; Thai, P.; Rutherford, S.; Wang, X.; Nguyen, M.; Manh Do, C.; Huy Nguyen, N.; Alam, N.; Chu, C. The effects of high temperature on cardiovascular admissions in the most populous tropical city in Vietnam. Environ. Pollut. 2016, 208, 33–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Noelke, C.; McGovern, M.; Corsi, D.J.; Jimenez, M.P.; Stern, A.; Wing, I.S.; Berkman, L. Increasing ambient temperature reduces emotional well-being. Environ. Res. 2016, 151, 124–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barrington-Leigh, C.; Behzadnejad, F. The impact of daily weather conditions on life satisfaction: Evidence from cross-sectional and panel data. J. Econ. Psychol. 2017, 59, 145–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, W.V. Historical global analysis of occurrences and human casualty of extreme temperature events (ETEs). Nat. Hazards 2014, 70, 1453–1505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilbanks, T.J.; Fernandez, S.J.; Allen, M.R. Extreme weather events and interconnected infrastructures: Toward more comprehensive climate change planning. Environment 2015, 57, 4–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cioffi, F.; Conticello, F.; Lall, U.; Marotta, L.; Telesca, V. Large scale climate and rainfall seasonality in a Mediterranean Area: Insights from a non-homogeneous Markov model applied to the Agro-Pontino plain. Hydrol. Processes 2017, 31, 668–686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elferchichi, A.; Giorgio, G.A.; Lamaddalena, N.; Ragosta, M.; Telesca, V. Variability of temperature and its impact on reference evapotranspiration: The test case of the Apulia Region (Southern Italy). Sustainability 2017, 9, 2337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Connolly, M. Some like it mild and not too wet: The influence of weather on subjective well-being. J. Happiness Stud. 2013, 14, 457–473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Denissen, J.J.; Butalid, L.; Penke, L.; Van Aken, M.A. The effects of weather on daily mood: A multilevel approach. Emotion 2008, 8, 662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lucas, R.E.; Lawless, N.M. Does life seem better on a sunny day? Examining the association between daily weather conditions and life satisfaction judgments. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2013, 104, 872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Basagaña, X.; Sartini, C.; Barrera-Gómez, J.; Dadvand, P.; Cunillera, J.; Ostro, B.; Sunyer, J.; Medina-Ramón, M. Heat waves and cause-specific mortality at all ages. Epidemiology 2011, 22, 765–772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, Y.; Kim, H.; Honda, Y.; Guo, Y.L.; Chen, B.Y.; Woo, J.M.; Ebi, K.L. Suicide and ambient temperature in East Asian countries: A time-stratified case-crossover analysis. Environ. Health Perspect. 2016, 124, 75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Qi, X.; Hu, W.; Page, A.; Tong, S. Associations between climate variability, unemployment and suicide in Australia: A multicity study. BMC Psychiatry 2015, 15, 114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zuo, J.; Pullen, S.; Palmer, J.; Bennetts, H.; Chileshe, N.; Ma, T. Impacts of heat waves and corresponding measures: A review. J. Clean. Prod. 2015, 92, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huntington, T.G. Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle: Review and synthesis. J. Hydrol. 2006, 319, 83–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arbuthnott, K.G.; Hajat, S. The health effects of hotter summers and heat waves in the population of the United Kingdom: A review of the evidence. Environ. Health 2017, 16, 119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zittis, G.; Hadjinicolaou, P.; Fnais, M.; Lelieveld, J. Projected changes in heat wave characteristics in the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East. Reg. Environ. Chang. 2016, 16, 1863–1876. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giorgio, G.A.; Ragosta, M.; Telesca, V. Climate variability and industrial-suburban heat environment in a Mediterranean area. Sustainability 2017, 9, 775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crimmins, A.; Balbus, J.; Gamble, J.L.; Beard, C.B.; Bell, J.E.; Dodgen, D.; Eisen, R.J.; Fann, N.; Hawkins, M.D.; Herring, S.C.; et al. The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment; U.S. Global Change Research Program: Washington, DC, USA, 2016; p. 321. Available online: https://health2016.globalchange.gov/downloads (accessed on 10 February 2018).
- Morabito, M.; Crisci, A.; Messeri, A.; Messeri, G.; Betti, G.; Orlandini, S.; Raschi, A.; Maracchi, G. Increasing heatwave hazards in the southeastern European Union capitals. Atmosphere 2017, 8, 115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Williams, S.; Nitschke, M.; Weinstein, P.; Pisaniello, D.L.; Parton, K.A.; Bi, P. The impact of summer temperatures and heatwaves on mortality and morbidity in Perth, Australia 1994–2008. Environ. Int. 2012, 40, 33–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, X.Y.; Barnett, A.G.; Yu, W.; FitzGerald, G.; Tippett, V.; Aitken, P.; Neville, G.; McRae, D.; Verrall, K.; Tong, S. The impact of heatwaves on mortality and emergency hospital admissions from non-external causes in Brisbane, Australia. Occup. Environ. Med. 2012, 69, 163–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- García-Herrera, R.; Díaz, J.; Trigo, R.M.; Luterbacher, J.; Fischer, E.M. A review of the European summer heat wave of 2003. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 40, 267–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tolika, K.; Maheras, P.; Tegoulias, I. Extreme temperatures in Greece during 2007: Could this be a “return to the future”? Impact of historical land use and soil management change on soil erosion and agricultural sustainability during the Anthropocene. Anthropocene 2009, 17, 13–29. [Google Scholar]
- Rebetez, M.; Dupont, O.; Giroud, M. An analysis of the July 2006 heatwave extent in Europe compared to the record year of 2003. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 2009, 95, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barriopedro, D.; Fischer, E.M.; Luterbacher, J.; Trigo, R.M.; García-Herrera, R. The hot summer of 2010: Redrawing the temperature record map of Europe. Science 2011, 332, 220–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Green, H.K.; Andrews, N.; Armstrong, B.; Bickler, G.; Pebody, R. Mortality during the 2013 heatwave in England—How did it compare to previous heatwaves? A retrospective observational study. Environ. Res. 2016, 147, 343–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Telesca, V.; Lay-Ekuakille, A.; Ragosta, M.; Giorgio, G.A.; Lumpungu, B. Monitoring of extreme temperatures to evaluate the interaction between climate change and human health in coastal areas. In Proceedings of the 6th EnvImeko—IMEKO TC19 Symposium on Environmental Instrumentation and Measurements, Reggio Calabria, Italy, 24–25 June 2016; p. 95, ISBN 978-1-5108-2812-4. [Google Scholar]
- D’Ippoliti, D.; Michelozzi, P.; Marino, C.; de’Donato, F.; Menne, B.; Katsouyanni, K.; Kirchmayer, U.; Analitis, A.; Medina-Ramon, M.; Paldy, A.; et al. The impact of heat waves on mortality in 9 European cities: Results from the EuroHEAT project. Environ. Health 2010, 9, 37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Michelozzi, P.; Accetta, G.; De Sario, M.; D’Ippoliti, D.; Marino, C.; Baccini, M.; Biggeri, A.; Anderson, H.R.; Katsouyanni, K.; Ballester, F.; et al. High temperature and hospitalizations for cardiovascular and respiratory causes in 12 European cities. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2009, 179, 383–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McGregor, G.R.; Bessemoulin, P.; Ebi, K.; Menne, B. (Eds.) Heat Waves and Health: Guidance on Warning System Development. Report to the World Meteorological Organization and World Health Organization; World Meteorological Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2015; Available online: http://www.who.int/globalchange/publications/heatwaves-health-guidance/en (accessed on 10 February 2018).
- Sánchez, J.M.; Scavone, G.; Caselles, V.; Valor, E.; Copertino, V.A.; Telesca, V. Monitoring daily evapotranspiration at a regional scale from Landsat-TM and ETM+ data: Application to the Basilicata region. J. Hydrol. 2008, 351, 58–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Copertino, V.A.; Di Pierro, M.; Scavone, G.; Telesca, V. Comparison of algorithms to retrieve Land Surface Temperature from LANDSAT-7 ETM+ IR data in the Basilicata Ionian band. Tethys J. Weather Clim. West. Mediterr. 2012, 9, 25–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scavone, G.; Sánchez, J.M.; Telesca, V.; Caselles, V.; Copertino, V.A.; Pastore, V.; Valor, E. Pixel-oriented land use classification in energy balance modelling. Hydrol. Processes 2014, 28, 25–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blasi, M.G.; Liuzzi, G.; Masiello, G.; Serio, C.; Telesca, V.; Venafra, S. Surface parameters from SEVIRI observations through a Kalman filter approach: Application and evaluation of the scheme to the southern Italy. Tethys J. Weather Clim. West. Mediterr. 2016, 13, 3–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buscail, C.; Upegui, E.; Viel, J.F. Mapping heatwave health risk at the community level for public health action. Int. J. Health Geogr. 2012, 11, 38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Giorgio, G.A.; Ragosta, M.; Telesca, V. Application of a multivariate statistical index on series of weather measurements at local scale. Measurement 2017, 112, 61–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lay-Ekuakille, A.; Telesca, V.; Ragosta, M.; Giorgio, G.A.; Mvemba, P.K.; Kidiamboko, S. Supervised and Characterized Smart Monitoring Network for Sensing Environmental Quantities. IEEE Sens. J. 2017, 17, 7812–7819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Field, C.B.; Barros, V.; Stocker, T.F.; Qin, D.; Dokken, D.; Ebi, K.L.; Mastrandrea, M.D.; Mach, K.J.; Plattner, G.K.; Allen, S.K. (Eds.) Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation; A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2012; p. 582. [Google Scholar]
- Beniston, M.; Stephenson, D.B.; Christensen, O.B.; Ferro, C.A.; Frei, C.; Goyette, S.; Halsnaes, K.; Holt, T.; Jylhä, K.; Koffi, B.; et al. Future extreme events in European climate: An exploration of regional climate model projections. Clim. Chang. 2007, 81, 71–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ragosta, M.; Caggiano, R.; D’Emilio, M.; Macchiato, M. Source origin and parameters influencing levels of heavy metals in TSP, in an industrial background area of Southern Italy. Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36, 3071–3087. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caggiano, R.; Sabia, S.; D’Emilio, M.; Macchiato, M.; Anastasio, A.; Ragosta, M.; Paino, S. Metal levels in fodder, milk, dairy products, and tissues sampled in ovine farms of Southern Italy. Environ. Res. 2005, 99, 48–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Di Leo, S.; Cosmi, C.; Ragosta, M. An application of multivariate statistical techniques to partial equilibrium models outputs: The analysis of the NEEDS-TIMES Pan European model results. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 49, 108–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amegah, A.K.; Rezza, G.; Jaakkola, J.J. Temperature-related morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review of the empirical evidence. Environ. Int. 2016, 91, 133–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hatvani-Kovacs, G.; Belusko, M.; Pockett, J.; Boland, J. Can the excess heat factor indicate heatwave-related morbidity? A case study in Adelaide, South Australia. EcoHealth 2016, 13, 100–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chan, E.Y.Y.; Huang, Z.; Mark, C.K.M.; Guo, C. Weather information acquisition and health significance during extreme cold weather in a subtropical city: A cross-sectional survey in Hong Kong. Int. J. Disaster Risk Sci. 2017, 8, 134–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reio, T. G., Jr.; Shuck, B. Exploratory factor analysis: Implications for theory, research, and practice. Adv. Dev. Hum. Resour. 2015, 17, 12–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, Y.M.; Cao, J.J.; Jin, Z.D.; An, Z.S. Elemental composition of aerosols in Daihai, a rural area in the front boundary of the summer Asian monsoon. Atmos. Res. 2009, 92, 229–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Year | |||
---|---|---|---|
2000 | 70 (76%) | 42 (46%) | 25 (27%) |
2001 | 77 (84%) | 42 (46%) | 14 (15%) |
2002 | 92 (100%) | 38 (41%) | 0 (0%) |
2003 | 89 (97%) | 65 (71%) | 46 (50%) |
2004 | 68 (74%) | 45 (49%) | 20 (22%) |
2005 | 68 (74%) | 45 (49%) | 27 (29%) |
2006 | 55 (60%) | 32 (35%) | 23 (25%) |
2007 | 74 (80%) | 58 (63%) | 32 (35%) |
2008 | 78 (85%) | 48 (52%) | 28 (30%) |
2009 | 69 (75%) | 41 (45%) | 15 (16%) |
2010 | 68 (74%) | 45 (49%) | 18 (20%) |
2011 | 74 (80%) | 49 (53%) | 25 (27%) |
2012 | 84 (91%) | 74 (80%) | 49 (53%) |
2013 | 65 (71%) | 35 (38%) | 16 (17%) |
2014 | 59 (64%) | 30 (33%) | 8 (9%) |
2015 | 75 (81%) | 51 (55%) | 25 (27%) |
2016 | 66 (72%) | 39 (42%) | 14 (15%) |
2017 | 76 (83%) | 65 (71%) | 38 (41%) |
Year | |||
---|---|---|---|
2000 | 5 (9, 7, 15, 8, 21) | 1 (9) | 1 (7) |
2001 | 5 (10, 15, 20, 7, 9) | 1 (11) | 0 |
2002 | 1 (92) | 1 (13) | 0 |
2003 | 2 (61, 24) | 3 (14, 11, 15) | 2 (11, 11) |
2004 | 4 (8, 25, 10, 7) | 1 (16) | 0 |
2005 | 5 (7, 19, 7, 20, 7) | 3 (15, 8, 8) | 2 (10, 7) |
2006 | 4 (18, 7, 10, 10) | 1 (16) | 1 (15) |
2007 | 3 (25, 17, 19) | 2 (22, 11) | 2 (12, 8) |
2008 | 4 (30, 15, 7, 13) | 2 (16, 10) | 0 |
2009 | 3 (17, 8, 12) | 1 (8) | 0 |
2010 | 3 (16, 16, 19) | 2 (9, 14) | 0 |
2011 | 4 (10, 16, 11, 20) | 3 (9, 13, 15) | 0 |
2012 | 3 (46, 16, 14) | 4 (9, 31, 13, 8) | 2 (11, 8) |
2013 | 4 (12, 7, 23, 9) | 2 (11, 8) | 1 (8) |
2014 | 4 (11, 7, 8, 12) | 0 | 0 |
2015 | 3 (17, 40, 9) | 1 (22) | 1 (7) |
2016 | 2 (25, 11) | 1 (7) | 0 |
2017 | 6 (7, 13, 11, 8, 15, 9) | 4 (7, 12, 8, 13) | 2 (7, 12) |
Variable | Units | min | max | m | sd |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tmax | (°C) | 25.9 | 41.7 | 34.1 | 3.5 |
Tmin | (°C) | 14.8 | 28.6 | 23.0 | 3.1 |
DPR | (hPa) | 1.0 | 7.0 | 2.6 | 1.1 |
RHmax | (%) | 37.0 | 100.0 | 68.0 | 19.0 |
RHmin | (%) | 14.0 | 56.0 | 28.0 | 9.0 |
DEA | (n/day) | 4.00 | 23.00 | 11.73 | 3.9 |
F1 | F2 | F3 | |
---|---|---|---|
λi | 3.16 | 1.14 | 1.00 |
P(λi) | 52.7% | 19.0% | 13.4% |
Ptot | 71.7% | 85.1% | |
F1 | F2 | F3 | |
Tmax | 27% | - | - |
Tmin | 24% | - | - |
DPR | - | 54% | 35% |
RHmax | 21% | - | 6% |
RHmin | 22% | - | 13% |
DEA | - | 44% | 44% |
Variables | Coefficient | t Statistics |
---|---|---|
Intercept | 1.472 | 14.023 |
X1 Tmax(lag2) | 0.018 | 3.323 |
X2 Tmin(lag2) | 0.016 | 3.126 |
X3 DPR(lag2) | 0.014 | 2.890 |
X4 DOW | 0.002 | 2.616 |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Telesca, V.; Lay-Ekuakille, A.; Ragosta, M.; Giorgio, G.A.; Lumpungu, B. Effects on Public Health of Heat Waves to Improve the Urban Quality of Life. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1082. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su10041082
Telesca V, Lay-Ekuakille A, Ragosta M, Giorgio GA, Lumpungu B. Effects on Public Health of Heat Waves to Improve the Urban Quality of Life. Sustainability. 2018; 10(4):1082. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su10041082
Chicago/Turabian StyleTelesca, Vito, Aime Lay-Ekuakille, Maria Ragosta, Giuseppina Anna Giorgio, and Boniface Lumpungu. 2018. "Effects on Public Health of Heat Waves to Improve the Urban Quality of Life" Sustainability 10, no. 4: 1082. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su10041082