Impact of Land Cover Change Due to Armed Conflicts on Soil Erosion in the Basin of the Northern Al-Kabeer River in Syria Using the RUSLE Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.3. Soil Erosion Using RUSLE Model
2.4. Role of Vegetation in the Soil Erosion Changes
- -
- The first scenario showed the natural condition of the soil erosion modulus in the initial year in each period of 2009/2010–2013/2014, 2013/2014–2018/2019 and 2009/2010–2018/2019, i.e., the actual soil erosion modulus in each period.
- -
- Scenario C factor fixation is the soil erosion modulus calculated by the C factor value using the end year of each period, i.e., 2013/2014 and 2018/2019, while other factors values remain as used at the initial year of each periods.
3. Results
3.1. Distribution of Soil Erosion Factors in the Northern Al-Kabeer River Basin
3.2. Estimation and Spatial Distribution of Soil Erosion Rates in the Northern Al-Kabeer River Basin
3.3. Impact of Vegetation for Soil Erosion Rates
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Description of RUSLE Model
- Rainfall erosivity factor
- Soil Erodibility Factor (K)
- Slope Length and Steepness Factors (LS)
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Erosion Classes (t ha−1 year−1) | 2009/2010 | 2013/2014 | 2018/2019 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area (km2) | Percent (%) | Area (km2) | Percent (%) | Area (km2) | Percent (%) | |
Very low—VL (0–0.5) | 74.5 | 8.8 | 42.3 | 5.0 | 186.6 | 22.1 |
Low—L (0.5–1) | 95.9 | 11.4 | 36.2 | 4.3 | 178.7 | 21.2 |
Low medium—LM (1–2) | 198.8 | 23.5 | 84.1 | 9.9 | 217.1 | 25.7 |
Medium—M (2–5) | 316.5 | 37.5 | 238.1 | 28.2 | 191 | 22.6 |
High Medium—HM (5–10) | 113.5 | 13.4 | 252.7 | 29.9 | 52.3 | 6.2 |
High—H (10–20) | 31.6 | 3.7 | 126.2 | 14.9 | 13.5 | 1.6 |
Very high—VH (20–50) | 12.9 | 1.5 | 54.8 | 6.5 | 5.1 | 0.6 |
Extremely high—EH (>50) | 1.4 | 0.2 | 10.8 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.1 |
Soil Erosion Classes | Soil Erosion Classes 2013/2014 | Grand Total | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VL | L | LM | M | HM | H | VH | EH | |||
Soil erosion classes 2009/2010 | VL | 4.23 | 1.80 | 1.25 | 1.03 | 0.36 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 8.81 |
L | 0.47 | 1.77 | 3.65 | 3.25 | 1.63 | 0.44 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 11.35 | |
LM | 0.19 | 0.57 | 4.02 | 10.73 | 5.33 | 2.05 | 0.55 | 0.07 | 23.52 | |
M | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.89 | 11.95 | 16.87 | 5.63 | 1.73 | 0.19 | 37.45 | |
HM | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.91 | 5.02 | 5.46 | 1.68 | 0.23 | 13.43 | |
H | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 0.50 | 1.07 | 1.69 | 0.23 | 3.74 | |
VH | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.65 | 0.43 | 1.53 | |
EH | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.17 | |
Grand total | 5.02 | 4.30 | 9.94 | 28.17 | 29.89 | 14.93 | 6.48 | 1.28 | 100.00 |
Soil Erosion Classes | Soil Erosion Classes 2018/2019 | Grand Total | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VL | L | LM | M | HM | H | VH | EH | |||
Soil erosion classes 2013/2014 | VL | 4.97 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 5.02 |
L | 3.71 | 0.54 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.30 | |
LM | 5.34 | 3.69 | 0.87 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 9.95 | |
M | 5.94 | 10.08 | 9.55 | 2.48 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 28.16 | |
HM | 1.87 | 5.59 | 11.17 | 10.32 | 0.84 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 29.89 | |
H | 0.23 | 1.02 | 3.40 | 7.28 | 2.76 | 0.21 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 14.93 | |
VH | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.65 | 2.31 | 2.17 | 0.93 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 6.47 | |
EH | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.32 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.07 | 1.28 | |
Grand total | 22.08 | 21.15 | 25.70 | 22.60 | 6.19 | 1.60 | 0.60 | 0.08 | 100.00 |
Soil Erosion Classes | Soil Erosion Classes 2018/2019 | Grand Total | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VL | L | LM | M | HM | H | VH | EH | |||
Soil erosion classes 2009/2010 | VL | 7.22 | 0.95 | 0.42 | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 8.81 |
L | 5.76 | 3.10 | 1.56 | 0.75 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 11.35 | |
LM | 6.03 | 7.93 | 6.06 | 2.83 | 0.49 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 23.52 | |
M | 2.65 | 8.13 | 14.23 | 10.56 | 1.52 | 0.27 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 37.45 | |
HM | 0.28 | 0.82 | 2.89 | 6.75 | 2.28 | 0.30 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 13.43 | |
H | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.41 | 1.22 | 1.32 | 0.44 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 3.74 | |
VH | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.38 | 0.24 | 0.01 | 1.52 | |
EH | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.17 | |
Grand total | 22.08 | 21.15 | 25.70 | 22.60 | 6.19 | 1.60 | 0.60 | 0.08 | 100.00 |
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Almohamad, H. Impact of Land Cover Change Due to Armed Conflicts on Soil Erosion in the Basin of the Northern Al-Kabeer River in Syria Using the RUSLE Model. Water 2020, 12, 3323. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w12123323
Almohamad H. Impact of Land Cover Change Due to Armed Conflicts on Soil Erosion in the Basin of the Northern Al-Kabeer River in Syria Using the RUSLE Model. Water. 2020; 12(12):3323. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w12123323
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlmohamad, Hussein. 2020. "Impact of Land Cover Change Due to Armed Conflicts on Soil Erosion in the Basin of the Northern Al-Kabeer River in Syria Using the RUSLE Model" Water 12, no. 12: 3323. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w12123323